Cubism period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cubism period - Essay Example The ‘three musicians’ by Picasso was made of seriously shaded, level and theoretical geometry in a shallow boxlike nook. A clarinet player can be seen on the left, a guitar player in the center and on the correct hand side there is an artist with sheets of music in his grasp. They are completely dressed also. Pierrot with a white suit and blue suit, Harlequin in an ensemble that has precious stone examples, and on the in that spot is a minister wearing a dark robe. At the faã §ade of the Pierrot, there is a table on it a funnel and various things as well, while under him is a pooch whose tail is peeping out at the rear of the musician’s legs. All parts of this work of art include level shapes and geometry. The artistic creation is described by the utilization assorted surfaces, planes, montage basics, papier Mache. It was a pioneer of arrangement components to be executed as key parts of a masterpiece. After World War I, Pablo Picasso painted one of his famous an d well known works of art ever called â€Å"Bombing of Guernica†. This was a painting to decipher what the war was truly similar to, in light of the fact that it was about how a blameless family was ruthlessly trapped in the core of the war. One could see this work of art and see various implications each time. It was a painting of acknowledged size on canvas of around eleven feet. This development advances since it was a defiance of the contemporary creative techniques for painting. These contemporary techniques kept hardened guidelines and guidelines tying the innovative idea of a craftsman.

Brand Manager Advantages and Responsibilities

Question: Talk about theBrand Manager Advantages and Responsibilities. Answer: Presentation The consistent increment in rivalry around the globe for some random item or administration has guaranteed that simply the nature of the item or the cost of the item are insufficient to make an imprint. The idea of marking has thus observed a development in todays world to guarantee that uniqueness of the item is featured in its client base. Be it a basic logo or a trademark or an item that is related to the organization, marking plans to shape enthusiastic bond with client. Marking helps in essentially expanding the client base and maintenance of clients as it features what the organization is known for (Urde, 2013). Ashraf Homemade Ice-creams have henceforth observed the potential outcomes that marking could give and subsequently have employed Ahmed, a marking chief who might ready to build up a new item and flavor that features what Ashraf Homemade Ice-creams depend on. Points of interest of a Brand Manager A brand director can roll out significant improvements to how an organization is seen in the present market. This is the key examination to be made to comprehend where the organization stands. This examination done by the brand administrator would help in understanding what the companys qualities are and the key regions it needs to concentrate on. It additionally helps in understanding the other potential markets into which the organization could enter with its current items or the new items it can create to target new clients. Brand supervisors are likewise useful in creating advertising methodologies. Since they have a knowledge of where the organization needs to make an imprint, publicizing dependent on the objective clients should be possible. Likewise, the organization would have one individual concentrating on the improvement of the brand, this would help in a concentrated advancement of the brand (Balmer, 2013). Experienced brand supervisors specifically have the ability to pool in thoughts from their experience and use them for the advancement of the present organization. This would including rebuilding of imaginative thoughts that have worked in different ventures. Since brand supervisors are especially prepared in this field, the expense of preparing for an organization is unimportant. Additionally, a few organizations may consider a to be chief as an expense, in any case, contrasted with the potential deals that a brand administrator can bring in, this expense is unimportant. Obligations of a Brand Manager In the event of the Ahmed beneath recorded are the key duties of a brand administrator Comprehend what Ashraf natively constructed Ice-cream depend on. The organization is known for the great inventive items and consequently the equivalent needs to reflect in the new item being created (Panigyrakis, 2015). The organization as of now has countless customers, nonetheless, expanding rivalry infers that the maintenance of the equivalent can be testing (Thakur, 2012). Consequently, Ahmed would need to comprehend why customers pick the present organization over the other organization and what changes the customer might want. This would feature the qualities and shortcoming of the organization (Aaker, 2012). Next, Ahmed would need to distinguish another objective client base to expand deals remembering not to lose the present market. Understanding the regular purposes of these business sectors and building up an item for the equivalent by features the geniuses of the organization and limiting the cons is required. Likewise, Ahmed would need to examine what the rivals in the present market are doing and how Ashraf is not the same as others. Utilizing this investigation, bits of contenders business techniques can be received (Golant, 2012). Post examination Ahmed would need to think of a brand plan that is basic, exceptional and stylish. When the arrangement is created, he ought to have the option to anticipate the potential issues that may emerge and discover approaches to limit the equivalent. The new brand plan must be educated to each representative to guarantee that the uniqueness in featured everywhere. He should ensure that the new brand personality doesn't eradicate the first brand character but instead enables it Additionally, he ought to have the option to do all the above in the gave spending plan. End Picking a brand director is a savvy choices particularly when an organization is hoping to develop in the present market. An engaged prepared faculty would have the option to examine the market and think of thoughts that would feature the brand in this way expanding the deals and upgrading the development of the organization References Aaker, D. A., Joachimsthaler, E. (2012). Brand initiative. Simon and Schuster. Balmer, J. M. (2013). Corporate brand direction: What right? Who cares about it?. Diary of Brand the board, 20(9), 723-741. Golant, B. D. (2012). Breathing life into the corporate brand: The brand director as functional creator. Diary of Brand Management, 20(2), 115-127. Panigyrakis, G. G., Veloutsou, C. A. (2015). Brand Managers Planning Role for Fast Moving Consumer Good Products. In Global Perspectives in Marketing for the 21st Century (pp. 182-185). Springer International Publishing. Thakur, S., Singh, D. R. A. (2012). Brand picture, consumer loyalty and faithfulness expectation: an examination with regards to restorative item among the individuals of Central India. Exceed expectations International Journal of Multidisciplinary Management Studies, 2(5), 37-50. Urde, M., Baumgarth, C., Merrilees, B. (2013). Brand direction and market orientationFrom options in contrast to cooperative energy. Diary of Business Research, 66(1), 13-20.

Welcoming Our New Team Members Oana, Lena, Flo and Jakob - Focus

Welcoming Our New Team Members Oana, Lena, Flo and Jakob - Focus There have been some big, exciting changes at MeisterLabs over the last couple of months, as we’ve welcomed four new team members to our Vienna office. Our new colleagues span a whole range of expertise, from front-end development to people management. With grand plans for how to grow and improve MindMeister and MeisterTask for our users, we’ve been on the lookout for new team members to help put these ideas (and their own) into action. Here’s where our wonderful new colleagues step in! Introducing Our New Team Members Oana Balaceanu Quality Assurance Hi there, I’m Oana and I joined MeisterLabs a few weeks ago as a quality assurance engineer. My background My professional journey started 5 years ago when I began working as a junior Android developer. Since then, I’ve covered roles in research, threat intelligence and quality assurance in Romania, Austria, Japan, and France. To spice it up, I’ve also volunteered in NGOs and IT communities as a graphic designer and photographer. I have a B.Sc. in Computer Science and I’m currently on my way to getting my M.Sc in Business Informatics, so as you can imagine, I’ve also become interested in the less technical aspects of IT, like innovation, organization and risk management too. My role at MeisterLabs As a quality assurance engineer at MeisterLabs, I’ll cover the manual and automated testing on all our products. This involves researching new testing tools and technologies and making sure that our testing environments and devices are up and running. I’ll also be setting up some new QA processes and ensuring communication between different departments is running smoothly. My aim is to help ensure that the MeisterLabs products are delivered fast and that our users are satisfied. Providing high quality, fast and bug-free software products is what motivates me in my job and receiving positive reviews from happy users is what drives me forward! About me When I’m not at work or university, I like to level up my photography skills, explore Vienna and its surroundings, and help my mom manage our strawberry farm back home in Romania. Lena Kowarc People Management Hello everyone, I’m Lena and I’m newly responsible for MeisterLabs’ People Management! My background I’ve had a personal dislike for the term ‘human resources’ ever since focusing on HR during my International Business Administration degree at WU Vienna. While completing my Masters in Business Communication in the Netherlands and Management (CEMS), it became even more obvious to me how important it is to truly foster team collaboration, rather than simply seeing employees as resources. During this time, I was involved in recruiting, employee development and HR change management, with companies such as Deutsche Bank and Deloitte. My role at MeisterLabs At MeisterLabs, I feel responsible for employee satisfaction. Thanks to the MeisterLabs Founders, there’s already a great basis for successful People Management. Our aims are high: growing from 30 to 50 people in the near future, while allowing for staff development and retaining a great company culture during these times of growth. What drives me in doing this is my interest in other people’s passions. What I do for MeisterLabs makes me believe that People Management can ultimately lead to personal growth for all team members, as well as amazing innovations company-wide. About me In my spare time, I’m often busy hanging out with friends and family, cooking together, trying out cool new places in Vienna or spending quality time at Neusiedlersee, a nearby lake where I spend my summer. While at university, I enjoyed exchanges to Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands and Ireland, and traveled Australia and parts of Asia, as well as Central America. I love to meet people from different countries and cultures, so this keeps me traveling the world while visiting the friends I’ve met along the way. Flo Schrödl Front-End Developer My background I’m a self-taught Graphic and Screen designer and I’ve been working as such for around 8 years now. However, I’ve always had an interest in the technical side of things too. As a result, over the past 2 or 3 years, I’ve been focusing on UI Development specifically. My role at MeisterLabs I’m a Front-end Developer, working primarily on some very exciting, upcoming changes to our online mind mapping solution, MindMeister. After working for a few years on the agency side of design and development, I’m really happy to now be working on the client side of a great product, producing and refining a solution that’s used all over the world. My favorite part of my job is working on the finishing polish of a product. These final touches, I find, make all the difference when working to provide a great user experience. About me In my free time, I work on my own little projects, be it by building useless Arduino machines, sketching characters or designing tools that help my everyday tasks. I enjoy running and swimming and I’m the newest member of the MeisterLabs Yoga Club. Jakob Krigovsky Front-End Developer My background I was interested in technology from a young age, so going into software development was an obvious step for me. After graduation, I started working as a developer at a local startup in Vienna, before joining the MeisterTask team, here at MeisterLabs. My role at MeisterLabs My main role at MeisterLabs is to advance our task management tool, MeisterTask. I’m a firm believer in annoyance-driven development, so rather than always looking for brand new features to add to a tool, I go after those mildly irritating issues that could otherwise go unfixed. My aim is to solve all of those minor annoyances, in order to make the daily experience for MeisterTask users that little bit simpler and more pleasant. About me Outside of work, I enjoy contributing to open-source projects that I believe in and traveling whenever I get the chance. If you like, you can find me on GitHub as @sonicdoe. We’re delighted to have Oana, Lena, Jakob and Flo on board! There’s still space to welcome new team members to our bustling office in the heart of Vienna. Check out our jobs page to find out which positions we’re hiring for. If you don’t see an opening that fits, please do get in touch via [emailprotected] to let us know where you see yourself on our team! Task management made simple. Discover MeisterTask Its free! Discover MeisterTask Welcoming Our New Team Members Oana, Lena, Flo and Jakob - Focus There have been some big, exciting changes at MeisterLabs over the last couple of months, as we’ve welcomed four new team members to our Vienna office. Our new colleagues span a whole range of expertise, from front-end development to people management. With grand plans for how to grow and improve MindMeister and MeisterTask for our users, we’ve been on the lookout for new team members to help put these ideas (and their own) into action. Here’s where our wonderful new colleagues step in! Introducing Our New Team Members Oana Balaceanu Quality Assurance Hi there, I’m Oana and I joined MeisterLabs a few weeks ago as a quality assurance engineer. My background My professional journey started 5 years ago when I began working as a junior Android developer. Since then, I’ve covered roles in research, threat intelligence and quality assurance in Romania, Austria, Japan, and France. To spice it up, I’ve also volunteered in NGOs and IT communities as a graphic designer and photographer. I have a B.Sc. in Computer Science and I’m currently on my way to getting my M.Sc in Business Informatics, so as you can imagine, I’ve also become interested in the less technical aspects of IT, like innovation, organization and risk management too. My role at MeisterLabs As a quality assurance engineer at MeisterLabs, I’ll cover the manual and automated testing on all our products. This involves researching new testing tools and technologies and making sure that our testing environments and devices are up and running. I’ll also be setting up some new QA processes and ensuring communication between different departments is running smoothly. My aim is to help ensure that the MeisterLabs products are delivered fast and that our users are satisfied. Providing high quality, fast and bug-free software products is what motivates me in my job and receiving positive reviews from happy users is what drives me forward! About me When I’m not at work or university, I like to level up my photography skills, explore Vienna and its surroundings, and help my mom manage our strawberry farm back home in Romania. Lena Kowarc People Management Hello everyone, I’m Lena and I’m newly responsible for MeisterLabs’ People Management! My background I’ve had a personal dislike for the term ‘human resources’ ever since focusing on HR during my International Business Administration degree at WU Vienna. While completing my Masters in Business Communication in the Netherlands and Management (CEMS), it became even more obvious to me how important it is to truly foster team collaboration, rather than simply seeing employees as resources. During this time, I was involved in recruiting, employee development and HR change management, with companies such as Deutsche Bank and Deloitte. My role at MeisterLabs At MeisterLabs, I feel responsible for employee satisfaction. Thanks to the MeisterLabs Founders, there’s already a great basis for successful People Management. Our aims are high: growing from 30 to 50 people in the near future, while allowing for staff development and retaining a great company culture during these times of growth. What drives me in doing this is my interest in other people’s passions. What I do for MeisterLabs makes me believe that People Management can ultimately lead to personal growth for all team members, as well as amazing innovations company-wide. About me In my spare time, I’m often busy hanging out with friends and family, cooking together, trying out cool new places in Vienna or spending quality time at Neusiedlersee, a nearby lake where I spend my summer. While at university, I enjoyed exchanges to Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands and Ireland, and traveled Australia and parts of Asia, as well as Central America. I love to meet people from different countries and cultures, so this keeps me traveling the world while visiting the friends I’ve met along the way. Flo Schrödl Front-End Developer My background I’m a self-taught Graphic and Screen designer and I’ve been working as such for around 8 years now. However, I’ve always had an interest in the technical side of things too. As a result, over the past 2 or 3 years, I’ve been focusing on UI Development specifically. My role at MeisterLabs I’m a Front-end Developer, working primarily on some very exciting, upcoming changes to our online mind mapping solution, MindMeister. After working for a few years on the agency side of design and development, I’m really happy to now be working on the client side of a great product, producing and refining a solution that’s used all over the world. My favorite part of my job is working on the finishing polish of a product. These final touches, I find, make all the difference when working to provide a great user experience. About me In my free time, I work on my own little projects, be it by building useless Arduino machines, sketching characters or designing tools that help my everyday tasks. I enjoy running and swimming and I’m the newest member of the MeisterLabs Yoga Club. Jakob Krigovsky Front-End Developer My background I was interested in technology from a young age, so going into software development was an obvious step for me. After graduation, I started working as a developer at a local startup in Vienna, before joining the MeisterTask team, here at MeisterLabs. My role at MeisterLabs My main role at MeisterLabs is to advance our task management tool, MeisterTask. I’m a firm believer in annoyance-driven development, so rather than always looking for brand new features to add to a tool, I go after those mildly irritating issues that could otherwise go unfixed. My aim is to solve all of those minor annoyances, in order to make the daily experience for MeisterTask users that little bit simpler and more pleasant. About me Outside of work, I enjoy contributing to open-source projects that I believe in and traveling whenever I get the chance. If you like, you can find me on GitHub as @sonicdoe. We’re delighted to have Oana, Lena, Jakob and Flo on board! There’s still space to welcome new team members to our bustling office in the heart of Vienna. Check out our jobs page to find out which positions we’re hiring for. If you don’t see an opening that fits, please do get in touch via [emailprotected] to let us know where you see yourself on our team! Task management made simple. Discover MeisterTask Its free! Discover MeisterTask

The Winding Stair And Other Poems - 1791 Words

As Professor Pethica points out, the volume The Winding Stair and Other Poems is extraordinary because â€Å"its textual history is particularly elaborate, even by Yeats’s standards.† Although I would love to explore the relationship between different editions, as we did when we talked about different editions of Wilde Swans at Coole,† the task is too huge to be tackled sufficiently in this paper. In order to preclude any ambiguity, I would like to clarify that whenever I use the title The Winding Stair and Other Poems in this paper, unless otherwise specified, I am referring to the last edition published in 1933. Since the early stage of Yeats’s career, the poet has been concerned with mortality. The poet seems to suggest that art is the†¦show more content†¦Losing all touch with the finer consciousness of the age it would be, not only irresponsible, but anemic† (Foster, 441). In the poem â€Å"Three movements,† the poet observes that â€Å"Shakespearean fish swam the sea, far away from land; / Romantic fish swam in nets coming to the hand; / What are all those fish that lie gasping on the strand?† (Finneran, 240) Yeats is neither detached Shakespearean fish, nor credulous Romantic fish; he is the fish that â€Å"lie gasping on the strand,† and the volume The Winding Stair and Other Poems is his struggle with the crisis of his age, both the age of the poet (nearly 70 at the time) and the age of the world (1930s). We have talked a lot about Yeats’s dialectical effort to transcend mortality and achieve immortality in his poetry. Such effort to transcend mortality presupposes the dichotomy between life and death. Indeed, in previous volumes, may concepts are contingent upon a symmetrically opposing idea: the symbol of the Mask presupposes the dichotomy between self and anti-self, and many of Yeats’s poems feature the dichotomy between female and male. However, in the volume The Winding S tair and Other Poems, Yeats points out a simple yet fundamental fact, that these dichotomies are all human constructs. In the poem â€Å"Vacillation,† the speaker solemnly observes that â€Å"Between extremities / Man runs his course† (Finneran, 250). The most important dichotomy that Yeats inspects in this volume is the one between life and death. The poet pointsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Zadie Smiths Swing Time1292 Words   |  6 Pageswithout much thought. In truth, though, the timeline was thoroughly considered by the author, and every jump or apparent gap in the book’s plot is intentional. While reading Swing Time, I perceived the narrator’s leaps through time as though she were winding a broken clock—the clock hands spun erratically around the clock face, seemingly choosing at random on which time it wished to land. Smith uses this broken clock motif to deliver her message in the best possible way; she wants to illustrate the generalRead Mo reGwendolyn Brooks As A Poet2100 Words   |  9 Pagespoet found comfort in reading and writing, which her parents actively encouraged Brooks’ mother declared to her, that she is going to be a poet. Brooks published her first poem Eventide at age thirteen in American Childhood magazine. At age sixteen, she met Langston Hughes, who gave her words of encouragement after reading her poems at a poetry reading. In 1934, Brooks graduated from an integrated high school with a career at the Chicago Defender. Soon after graduating from Wilson Junior College inRead MoreAnalysis Of Theodore Roethke s The Waking 1335 Words   |  6 Pagesnatural imagery in his writing to express more complex ideas. As one would expect, his poem â€Å"The Waking† is no exception. In this work, Roethke uses the interaction between the speaker and the natural world in order to embody the progression of cognitive awareness throughout the span of a single human life and to depict how one understands such knowledge through the senses, experience, and thought. Roethke opens the poem with the seemingly oxymoronic line â€Å"I wake to sleep, and take my waking slow† (1)Read MoreEavan Boland and Eilean Ni Chuilleanain Poetry Analysis2557 Words   |  10 Pagessexuality. When comparing Boland’s poem Woman in Kitchen, and Ni Chuilleanain’s The Lady’s Tower, we see both poets attempting to redefine femininity. Both of these poems display ways in which the realm of domestic life can be translated into poetic material. In The Lady’s Tower, Ni Chuilleanain figures female sexuality in terms of housekeeping. Even in the title, the conventional phallic image of the tower is being challenged. This continues in the first few lines of the poem when Ni Chuilleanain ascribesRead More Use of Symbols in Yeatss Work, A Vision Essay3300 Words   |  14 Pagesof all powers whether they are used consciously by the masters of magic, or half unconsciously by their successors, the poet, the musician and the artist (p. 28). Late r, in his introduction to A Vision, he explains, I put the Tower and the Winding Stair together into evidence to show that my poetry has gained in self possession and power. I owe this change to an incredible experience (Vision p.8). The experience he goes on to relate is the preliminary stage of the composition of the work itselfRead More Use of Attics in Literature Essay4376 Words   |  18 Pagesas I would: Not psychologically. A house with an attic seems to resonate for us with more meaning and significance than a house without one. Attics make us think of history, interesting artifacts, old toys, books, clothes, linens, jewelry, and other treasures—but, most of all, of deep, dark, and significant family secrets. It was in the attic of the house that I grew up in that, as a snooping teenager, I found the packet of letters from my mother to her first husband. Her FIRST husband. I hadRead MoreAnalysis Of Lewis And The World Of Wonder 2202 Words   |  9 Pageshallways, and dusty attics. Imagine exploring a house like that. Jack also liked exploring books. His mother and father loved to read, and they saved all their books. They filled the New House with books – books in the study, in bedrooms, and on the stair landing, books in the attic piled up to Jack’s shoulders. Oh, the splendid hours he spent reading! On rainy afternoons these books transported him to different times and different worlds. Jack made up his own country called Animal-Land. The animalsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesChristian Holdener, S4Carlisle Publishing Services Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Courier/Kendalville Text Font: 10.5/12 ITC New Baskerville Std Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United

Summary Of Aunt Jennifers Tigers By Adrienne Rich

1. In Aunt Jennifers Tigers by Adrienne Rich (369), the element that stands out most for me in the poem is lyric. This poem is about the life experience of dead Aunt Jennifer who spends her whole life looking for little freedom. Rich describes the art of Aunt Jenniffer that speaks for her feelings and her pent ups springing from years of critical relationship. The massive weight of Uncles wedding band / Sits heavily on Aunt Jennifers hand. exhibits that Aunt Jenniffer is now becoming weak under the ordeals of an unhappy marriage that she cant even bear the weight of wedding ring. They do not fear the men beneath the tree shows beyond doubt what Aunt Jenniffer aspires for but cant attain. So she lives it through her art. The poet†¦show more content†¦Today I sniffed / Many dog behinds-I celebrate / By kissing your face., the dog rubs its face in the back of other dogs and then comes to kiss people around it which is disgusting. I sound the alarm! says the dog hates the paper man. It left its hair on the rug. The poet is drawing attention to the daily activities of a dog that the reader is unaware of. 4. In Oh No by Robert Creeley (392-393), the element that stands out the most for me in the poem is irony. The poem is about the success and wealth a person achieves in life after all the hard work that kept him away from his beloved ones. If you wander far enough / you will come to it outlines that when a person achieves success, he reaches a level. and all your friends will be there with smiles on their faces recounts that a person will have friends there which contradicts with the title of the story Oh No. So there is verbal irony in the poem as this place is wired to him where all the people are selfish and Oh No is the poets response. Therefore, the poet doesnt like the place. The is irony in with smiles on their faces because their smiles dont mean anything and are fake. In general, the poet appears to be saying that the world is full of selfish people and no one cares about another person. 5. In Carnation Milk by an anonymous poet (415), the element that stands out the most for me is the low diction. The poet talks about how all the work in the fields appear to be useless when

Character Analysis of Macbeth Free Essays

string(278) " husband manhood is the device she uses to influence him because she knows that Macbeth and most warriors of his time put most of their effort into being the greater man and such insults drive Macbeth to act without question especially when he feels his manhood is in question\." In the play we can easily see that Macbeth is driven by ambition and later on in the play tortured by his regrets which manifest a great deal of inner conflicts seen in his soliloquies. Macbeth is a man dominated by a strong moral sense, a man who has a profoundly sensitive conscience and who knows at each stage the moral consequences of committing murder Macbeth at the beginning of the play is mentally stable and a good man but due to certain influences (supernatural and normal) and his own flaw being his †vaulting ambition†. His values and his better aspects begin to dwindle under his growing desire for power. We will write a custom essay sample on Character Analysis of Macbeth or any similar topic only for you Order Now Macbeth is an example of a normal man that has done a monstrous deed and from this deed giving rise to regret and paranoia, signalling his decline which eventually led to his tragic downfall. There are many redeeming qualities of his character and Macbeth is essentially a good man but ultimately is the architect of his undoing. At the beginning of the play he is first qualities are introduce to us by the bleeding captain explaining his heroic performance and valour shown on the battle. He is described as †great† and †valour’s minion† which shows that he is very willing to serve his king and country and strives to help Scotland to the best of his abilities and all these merits gained during his battles help his ambition to grow. ‘I have no spur’ he states, ‘to prick the sides of my intention, but only vaulting ambition’ this clarifies that he is very ambitious almost to the point that it might harm his own interests in the future which inevitably happens leading to his downfall. Another good example of his unstable ambition is when the three weird sisters begin to address him with title such as †Thane of Cawdor† and tell him that he †shall be King hereafter† following this we very quickly see his interest in these equivocal prophecies †stay you imperfect speakers† , this conveys that maybe he thinks he could attain these titles and from this it is evident his ambition will try to do everything in its ability to strive for this greatness and promised glory even though the witches had explained nothing else making it clear that his ambition is also blind. His ambition is so great he acts on the words of strangers that he has never met before and becomes ‘rapt’ in a world cut off from others which is evident in his soliloquies where in each he equivocates within himself about what is good and evil which both fight for mastery over him and this ‘evil’ and his ambition seem to go hand in hand throughout the play and causes him to do things he regrets which build up and becomes ‘a dagger of the mind’ and we see throughout the play the damage being dealt to his moral being. Another example of his blind ambition would be witnessed in Act 1 scene 7 when Lady Macbeth questions his bravery and insinuates that he is a †coward† but Macbeth is adamant that he should prove himself a man regardless of what he is actually about to do which shows he is ambitious to impress others. Another last example of his ambition his with his goal to see the whole situation through and says †I am in blood stepped in so far that, should I wade no more† and that †returning were as tedious as go’er . † This shows he is eager to see through what he had started till the end. Macbeth’s ambition has become dehumanised and will also end himself. Aside from Macbeth’s ambition we also witness in times of his self doubt when his rational mind and conscience starts to extinguish his ambition, the bad influences from many different sources seem to slowly dissolve his better qualities and set him back on the road to moral decline and his doom. Initially the witches are the first to influence him, telling him he will be promised power and glory but never say he should act on or actually do anything at all but non-the-less kick start his decline. Later on in the play when he reencounters the witches again they show him three apparitions one of which explain that he should †Beware Macduff† which influence him to order the killing of Macduff and his family which clearly shows how heavily influential these weird sisters are with regards to Macbeth acting on the prophecies with such unfaltering hastiness. The next influence and I think is one of the more dominant influences in the play his Lady Macbeth. Lady Macbeth gave herself the responsibility to influence Macbeth and act when he wouldn’t (which she never appears to do), calls upon the darkness and †spirits that tend on mortal thoughts† to instil her with masculine features as to aid Macbeth in is goal for power. The first example of her influencing Macbeth is in Act 1 Scene 5 she explains how he should †Look like the time† and †bear welcome† in his eyes during the banquet that the King Duncan is to at their home and to †look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under’t† as in an effort to deceive The king to knowing where their true intention lie. This example of her influence is much softer in contrast to Act 1 Scene 7 which is a much harsher brand of influence. During the scene Macbeth states he †will proceed no further† in their plans and the King †hath honoured him of late† to which Lady Macbeth snaps at him saying †was the hope drunk wherein you dressed yourself† implying he was only brave whilst inebriated and also asks him if he would rather live like †a coward† then to carry on with the plans he first begun. This is a blow to Macbeth’s manhood with regards to him being a coward and says he would do anything that will prove his masculinity. These attacks on her husband manhood is the device she uses to influence him because she knows that Macbeth and most warriors of his time put most of their effort into being the greater man and such insults drive Macbeth to act without question especially when he feels his manhood is in question. You read "Character Analysis of Macbeth" in category "Papers" Another factor in the play that influences Macbeths which manifested from his monstrous deed is his paranoia. The first signs of this paranoia is evident in act when he states †to be thus is nothing but to be safely thus†. This shows that he feels unsafe and that unless you are safe you are nothing and now he is influenced to destroy anything which might jeopardize his safety and the first obstacle being Banquo. Reasons such as †his royalty of nature reigns that which would be feared† and Macbeth states his mind is full of scorpions and his life is filled with ‘terrible dreams/That shake us nightly’, following these thoughts he quickly and subtly organises the killing of Banquo by means of hiring assassins. This action is a major step in Macbeth’s moral fibre due to the reason that Banquo was originally his most trusted friend and ally and the evidence he is beginning to use murder as a tool to solve most of his issues and concludes with himself that it is the only solution to his problems. There are also signs of the influence of jealousy with regards to when Banquo was told during the first encounter with the witches that he would †have kings but be none† and Macbeth realises that upon his head he now has †a fruitless crown† and †a barren sceptre† in his grip which angers him by the knowledge that his sons (if he ever has any) will never be air to the throne, this being another reason to murder Banquo. With regards to the influencing factors we see that at the beginning of the play Macbeth is mainly intervened by external forces influence but as the play proceeds slowly he withdraws from his wife and friends due to again his paranoia and becomes more fuelled by his emotions, the predominant emotions being fear and jealousy. Macbeths regret in the play with regards to the murder and following murders is one of the more important issues to mention, regret being the catalyst in which his characters morality and mental stability are remoulded by traumatic experience and long term symptoms of his guilt. The first obvious example of his regret is scene when he attempts to opt out of the plans of murder and conveys that he feels guilty for any of these nefarious plans even crossing his mind but at this moment in the play he is not tortured by his guilt or regret obviously until he actually commits the crime but until then and right up until he is about to murder the king he is more greatly affected by anxiousness to the extent that he hallucinates. After the murder has been committed he is very obviously traumatised and is paralyzed, unable to move due to his mind being completely occupied with what has happened. The damage dealt is clear when he says that he heard a voice cry †Macbeth hath murdered the innocent sleep† which shows the beginning of his restless nights which is the first harsh blow to his mental health. Also in this scene Macbeth talks about the blood on his hands as if it is a metaphor for the guilt and in contrast to Lady Macbeth saying †a little water clears us of this deed† make replies that not even all the waters of †Neptune’s oceans† could not wash away this blood or guilt from his hands. We can see his guilt and regret build up and burst out as witnessed in the banquet scene where Banquo’s ghost appears only to him and a mental breakdown takes place with moments of Macbeth almost unconsciously confesses the details of his to murders in the presence of lords to which the pressurised Lady Macbeth desperately tries to disguise. This ghost Macbeth is seeing in my opinion is not real but a complete manifestation of his guilt and regret and his better side subconsciously is trying to give himself up an attempt to save his ‘damned’ soul, with regards to the quote where he states he would †jump the life to come † meaning he is aware he will be punished in the afterlife. In Act 5 scene 3 we see that regret and guilt has affected to the extent that he nearly loses the will to live and feels that live is void of meaning †I have lived long enough: my way of life is fall’n into the sere, the yellow leaf† he also realises that his poor decisions have bereaved him of things that would have originally accompanied his old age such as †honour, love, obedience† and †troops of friends† none of which he shall have to look forward to in his future. This indicates he is very regretful of almost everything he has done right back to the killing of Duncan. Throughout the course of the play Shakespeare weaves into the storyline small respites in which Macbeth’s slowly declining character shows moments that magnifies what is left of the qualities that redeem slightly in the audiences perspective and shows them he has not completely transformed in this remorseless †tyrant† but is still just a man that has performed a monstrous act. The first example of these redeeming qualities is in Act 1 scene 7 where he says he †will proceed no further in this business† and acknowledges that king Duncan †hath honoured† him recently for his bravery in almost single-handedly ending the battle in the opening scenes of the play. At this point we see he has a good moral sense and instilled with the highly valued qualities such as respect and honour but Lady Macbeth succeeds in convincing him otherwise diminishing and muting these values in him. Throughout the play, we constantly see that Macbeth has a conscience towards his actions and does always have a general sense of right and wrong. . Conscience is exhibited after he kills Duncan but can’t stand to look at the body. †I am afraid to think what I have done; look on’t again I dare not†. This lets us see that after Macbeth killed Duncan his conscience will not let him look at what he has done. He also realized what he had done could not be changed and it will affect him for the rest of his natural life. Macbeth understands that he is marked for life and this realization in itself one of his redeeming qualities. Another minor example of a redeeming quality is that Macbeth †is too full o’th’milk of human kindness† and that he is†art not without ambition† but has the absence of †the illness† being ruthlessness. Back to the issue addressing his conscience with regards to it being a redeeming quality that is fighting a losing battle against the rest of the conflict within him. We witness many times his conscience trying to override his normal behaviour. Macbeth’s conscience creates the ghost of Banquo in an attempt to make him subconsciously confess to the murders which make us realise he is very sorry for what he has done which redeems him slightly through sympathy. One last sign of redeeming qualities is neat the end of the play where he stares in the face of death. He contemplates suicide by falling on his own sword as †Romans† used to do but even though he knows he has no one on his side he will fight to the end and die an honourable death showing his original bravery which he once used to fight for his country which reminds us that he was once a great hero. To conclude Macbeth is a tragic hero. A man with an ambitious but a victim of temptation and the pseudo prophecies of his rise to power which seemed so close at the time was actual the beginning of Macbeth’s change from hero to tyrant. He was used as a vessel for chaos by the witches to plant their ideas of power into a fertile mind which was nurtured by his blind ambition which grew into an unstable mind tormented by regret and guilt. How to cite Character Analysis of Macbeth, Papers

Acceptance and Adoption of Continuous Research †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Acceptance and Adoption of Continuous Research. Answer: Introduction: In the case under consideration, after reviewing the information, the equipment group has been linked to the manufacturing software and computer aided design which do not get any support from supplier- provided antivirus protection and security. Thus the entire system as a whole is deeply subjected to corruption risk. The risk of corruption occurs when there is the loss of relevant data fed into the system. As a result the company may face several problems (Zadek, Evans and Pruzan 2013). A single supplier is involved in providing the LAN facilities as well as purchasing the information technology related equipment. This is understood by reviewing the system further. It can also be said that only one person provides the services and also maintains the security files. Due to increasing chances of fraud, no sort of segregation or demarcation of duties has been allowed by the company. As an example, it can be stated that, Mr. Tony Lee has access to all the individual accounts. Thus, it is possible for him to make changes to the accounting system amounts in relation to the payments when the company owes him due to the facilities and the IT supplies he provides. Security controls are bound to be hampered when a number of people use the same password. Problems arise when a majority of the personnel use a particular password. In cases of fraud, the blame or the confrontation passes from employee to employee but does not lead to a valuable solution. It should also be understood that in such cases even the accounting clerk has access to the highly confidential information of the company. The clerk can easily leak out the valuable information to the competitors of the particular company in the industry. The accounting clerk can also carry out fraudulent transactions for his benefit or for the benefit of other parties (Scapens 2012). Again, the supervisors also use similar passwords for time sheet data entering. There has been no limitation to the authorisation of the access in the entire system. It is highly probable for the supervisors to easily change the time sheet data of different departments by using the same password. Although there have been a differentiation or segregation of duties in the accounting system possible by the individual passwords provided to the accounting staff. This has been done for word processing but the staff still use a single password for the entry of data. There is also the possibility of conducting frauds on behalf of other employees by the use of a common password and account, which is hugely detrimental for the company. The detection of fraudulent transactions in such cases is extremely difficult and a challenging task (Davidson, Desai and Gerard 2013). Backup data maintenance: According to the framework of internal control, backup files or harm copy format of data should be kept out of the surroundings of the office to ensure protection of the valuable documents from the risk of loss or damage of some sort. There might be the possibility of occurrence of any natural disaster or any mishap in the office and in such cases the backup to the valuable data will be maintained in some secure place outside the office. Tiffanys Office stores the backup data of the MTI in the form of tapes. There is the possibility of easy alteration of the data stored as backup. This can be accompanied by alterations in the accounting software. In such cases, even reconciliation of the information cannot help the fraud to be detected. For hiding the fraudulent activities, the setup of explosion activities in the office premises can lead to the loss of backup data also. In connection to the analysis of the past statement, it can be said that, in several situations in the past, there has been the loss of backup files but even after informing the concerned authorities, no real action has been taken by them (Bell and Griffin 2012). It can be inferred from the provided information that there is the existence of a healthy relationship between the supervisors George and Tiffany. The company provides the supervisors will several additional facilities including the provision of microcomputers to facilitate the work from home possibility as well as help them meet the deadlines of production for important and big customers of the organisation. The company system is extremely effective where the supervisors have the facility of being mobile in their nature of work and they are not bound to work only in the office. The issue of huge concern is the security of the office system. The security of the office system has been identically copied in the microcomputers (Vasarhelyi et al. 2012). The probability of the companys strengths and weaknesses being disclosed to the industry competitors is huge and of great concern. The data need to be protected from the risk of disclosure. In case the computer system has been stolen, the party involved in theft can easily access the data of the company. Even the tasks, which are confidential, like the quotations or designs are accessible. The microcomputers being remote can be taken anywhere and the confidential data accessed (Richardson 2012). Attendance and calculation of the office hours require an efficient and easy system and hence the use of the employee plastic card is ideal. The card can be easily linked to the accounting processes accounts and time sheets making it effective. In the office, at MTI, the system of the card has been implemented where the employees can swipe their individual cards both while entering as well as leaving the office. The card system however needs a careful monitoring by the gatekeepers or the guards in the office to prevent any fake entries or fraudulent activities. It is possible that the employees use other cards to fake the entry of those employees into the office who are absent. Any unauthorised person can conduct prohibited activities in the working area by using the card. People involved in any criminal or fraudulent activities can access the office data. The systems of costing and the employee card has been linked. Scanning of relevant information has been done by a laser pen.. Des pite these facilities and services, the presence of manual monitoring is of utmost importance to prevent any sort of numerical errors and frauds and to facilitate the costing services (Ivers et al. 2012). Accounting and administrative staff: To avoid the work evaluation or monitoring by the same individual the segregation of the duties has been recommended by the authorities. It is natural for the employees to feel hesitant in finding faults in their own tasks or work. In case the accounting system of MTI is considered, tasks involved with the entering of a high volume of data, the accounting department requires the help of at least two admin staff members. The staff members are also involved with the filing activities and the reconciliation of the data with the related documents (Kogan et al. 2014). The errors done by the members will not be corrected by the admin staff when they reconcile the documents with the annual documents. Successively the system will have errors and they will be automatically forwarded in the successive steps. Thus the final steps will contain errors in the data entry as well as the mistakes are bound to be forwarded and it will lead to the assumption that mistakes have not been recognised corre ctly by members of the office staff (Andress 2014). The process and activities of accounting point to the fact that Tiffany and George is extremely dependent on a particular employee Isabel, involved in the accounting and purchasing process at MTI. The number of linked activities has been performed by this particular employee Isabel as it has been found. Despite her origin being in a different country and being not really trained in the accounting activities, she was appreciated for her quality of work and a positive relation with the suppliers (Ng, Harrison and Akroyd 2013). However there is the possibility of Isabel being involved in fraudulent activities and providing extra benefits to the suppliers and involved in the fraud coordination of supplies. It is also possible that Isabel is a secret member of another company which is a competitor and is employed with the task of providing all significant and confidential information to her company. She may also be working in order to supply material of desired quality and price to the company. Louis has provided the information regarding the server crash of the company and the system of accounting should be connected with a solo server with which other systems are also attached. In this case, it is possible for the other departments to access the information thus leading to fraud (Johnson et al. 2014). Substantive Procedures for work in Progress Inventory: It needs to be ensured that the procedure in the balance of progress and inventory which is shown in the year end must be connected to the orders that have been obtained at the time of the MTI reporting period. Due to this, the dates on those orders, which are put into the spreadsheet, need to be checked and reconciled, ensured if they are at par with the time span or not. It should be ensured that all job orders and the sequential numbering related to the work orders in progress during the reporting period should be entered in the system. This should be done to confirm the completeness of all the orders. To assure the existence of inventory, there should be a physical counting of the numbers of the jobs, which are entered into the spreadsheet. This is done to facilitate identification of items being added without having any sort of physical existence. Apart from this the assertion of completeness can also be audited with the help of this system, along with the identification of items which cannot be recognized in the spreadsheet. A sample of orders require to be selected for the reconciliation of the physical quantity of those items which are produced as well as the orders which the customers receive as mentioned in the spreadsheet. The existence as well as the assertions of completeness can be attained with the help of this reconciliation procedure. There are two types of inventory in the hands of the company, including the individual components as well as the raw materials. The ownership of the said items should be verified by understanding and analysing the documents, which are related to the GRNs or purchase invoices. Going by the system the completion percentage has been recognised as per the task number, which have been done for each of the job orders. A physical examination of the sample of the items should be executed for the checking the accuracy of the percentage of completion. The review of the physical completion and items of reconciliation should be done with those mentioned in the spreadsheet. Complex manufacturing processes involve tasks, which are performed simultaneously. There lies a difficulty in obtaining an accurate percentage in case of difficult and complicated manufacturing processes. In such cases however, the services of the expert can also be utilized. Depending on the information provided by George and Tiffany, the information available need to be explained clearly to check the practical implications as well as its reliability. The different factors on which the multiple cases have been computed need to be reviewed. This facilitates fulfilment of the assertion of valuation. In order to check the measurement assertion and accuracy there needs to be a recalculation of the items which constitute the sample. The materials, which are used, for every order as well as the hours of labour in the selected sample need to be identified. The multiple factor needs to be changed as well to calculate the overall amount to reconcile with that written in the spreadsheet (Griffith, Hammersley and Kadous 2015). The invoices of the suppliers obtained in reality require to be verified and reconciled to the different changes performed in the system of costing. In situations where there are varied prices for similar material in different months, the utility as well as the allocation of the costing method of inventory should be recognized and the accuracy of the orders as well as work in progress inventory should be checked. This particular procedure helps in the fulfilment of allocation assertion. The external confirmations related to the invoice detail and the costs and quantity should be obtained. The data entered into the time sheet and the number of hours worked by the employees in reality should be reconciled. Any further checking requires the manual sheet to be obtained from the managers to review any dissimilarity regarding the number of hours worked and the attendance. Moreover, the number of cards issued as well as the employee number mentioned in the spreadsheet requires to be reconciled and the inspection of the outcomes should also be done. Advance paid by the customers: The customers who pay advance against the material under the billing process need to be identified and inspection of the connected items should be conducted to verify that the customer owned material is not added in the spreadsheet as work in progress. Starting at the beginning to the billing order, an audit trail is needed to be performed in order to analyse all the supported documents and also to reconcile. The completeness, accuracy, existence and also the measurement assertion in the work in progress section should be identified. The formula Isabel used to recalculate the final value of work in progress to be given in the balance sheet should be used. The corrections should also be incorporated and inspected in the formula for reconciliation of the calculated amount. During the inspection of the physical counts and inventory movements of the inventory in transit the reporting period has to be identified. The present reporting period is related to the inventory and the rewards need to be transferred, it should be shown in the year end. The reconciliation of the selling price of the orders with their actual cost is done to identify the orders whose cost have exceeded the selling price. The damaged inventory also needs to be examined physically and the value also needs to be obtained through the market. Damaged goods should also be identified by physical inspection. References: Andress, J., 2014.The basics of information security: understanding the fundamentals of InfoSec in theory and practice. Syngress. Bell, T.B. and Griffin, J.B., 2012. Commentary on auditing high-uncertainty fair value estimates.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,31(1), pp.147-155. Davidson, B.I., Desai, N.K. and Gerard, G.J., 2013. The effect of continuous auditing on the relationship between internal audit sourcing and the external auditor's reliance on the internal audit function.Journal of Information Systems,27(1), pp.41-59. Griffith, E.E., Hammersley, J.S. and Kadous, K., 2015. Audits of complex estimates as verification of management numbers: How institutional pressures shape practice.Contemporary Accounting Research,32(3), pp.833-863. Ivers, N., Jamtvedt, G., Flottorp, S., Young, J.M., Odgaard?Jensen, J., French, S.D., O'Brien, M.A., Johansen, M., Grimshaw, J. and Oxman, A.D., 2012. Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes.The Cochrane Library. Johnson, D.M., Friedrich, N.G., Walser, B.J. and Warner, R.D., Bank Of America Corporation, 2014.Facility maintenance and management system. U.S. Patent 8,645,495. Kogan, A., Alles, M.G., Vasarhelyi, M.A. and Wu, J., 2014. Design and evaluation of a continuous data level auditing system.Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory,33(4), pp.221-245. Ng, F., A. Harrison, J. and Akroyd, C., 2013. A revenue management perspective of management accounting practice in small businesses.Meditari Accountancy Research,21(2), pp.92-116. Richardson, A.J., 2012. Paradigms, theory and management accounting practice: A comment on Parker (forthcoming)Qualitative management accounting research: Assessing deliverables and relevance.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,23(1), pp.83-88. Scapens, R.W., 2012. How important is practice-relevant management accounting research?.Qualitative Research in Accounting Management,9(3). Vasarhelyi, M.A., Alles, M., Kuenkaikaew, S. and Littley, J., 2012. The acceptance and adoption of continuous auditing by internal auditors: A micro analysis.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,13(3), pp.267-281. Zadek, S., Evans, R. and Pruzan, P., 2013.Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. Routledge.

EVS-Lab quadrant study Essay Example

EVS-Lab quadrant study Essay The main findings of this study of vegetation in Terrace and Forest are that this sensitive environment is intricately balanced by the maintenance of its vegetation. Based on the readings above we are able to identify that vegetation levels in Area 1 i. e. Terrace is much higher than Area 2 i. e. Forest. One of the sole reasons to this can be, Sunlight-Since plant can absorb more sunlight in Area 1 since not many Trees are blocking sunlight for plants and grass unlike in Area 2 where plant growth is very limited due to blockage of sunlight. This factor will affect plant growth thereby Vegetation. Continuous harvesting of plants and grass in area 1 has lead to higher vegetation levels present there unlike Area 2 where Major parts of quadrant were covered with dry soil, twigs and leaves were an evident factor to conclude lack of harvesting in Area 2. Presence of many plants in Area 1 is another indication of a typical health land vegetation. Major Component covered with Dry soil served as a factor to low nutrient in soil in Area 2 rather than in Area 1, where minor dry land was discovered. Therefore findings conclusion of this vegetation study is that relationship between the vegetation of the two areas (Forest Terrace) is influenced by external factors such as soil harvest and environmental factors such as sunlight. Therefore Area 1(terrace) has a much healthier Vegetation compared to Area 2(forest). Evaluation: From our research and findings on this experiment we have discovered that Area 1(Terrace) has a much healthier vegetation compared to Area 2(forests). We will write a custom essay sample on EVS-Lab quadrant study specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on EVS-Lab quadrant study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on EVS-Lab quadrant study specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer However based on the data collection processing,Pattern or relation with Vegetation level with both the areas are very limited. However during the experiment there were many limitations:   The field work investigative tests were carried out by small groups of students. This could have distorted the findings as techniques may have varied been inconsistent. Each group was made aware of what how the data needed to be obtained to keep it as consistent as possible. Time limits on the data collection may also have meant that there was less accuracy in the other recorded results. Although trouble was taken to correctly label samples record data, the sample station data from 25 metres became contaminated by human error. This meant that no comparison could be drawn from these stations. This could have been avoided if there had been a less pressurised time limit to the field work tests. * Experiment being carried out once ,may have lead to less accurate results for the vegetation study. Transect study being carried out on one area rather on two different areas may have distorted results.   Testing vegetation levels only by the means of transects quadrants, means testing methods were very limited Therefore these steps can be carried out to to improve the experiment and obtain results more specific and accurate: Larger groups of students may be utilized to keep results as consistent as possible and improve results.   Time can be increased for data collection to collect sufficient data to improve accuracy. It would also be interesting to see, if experiment could be performed repeatedly at different times of the year and observe if any changes in vegetation levels occur and make comparisons. Rather than the transect study being more fixed to one area, it can be studied for two areas rather than two sites at one area. By implementing this method comparisons can be made and result for vegetation level may improve.   Besides employing transect quadrants to study vegetation level, Tests on soil such as pH, moisture content may be conducted to make comparisons with vegetation and soil of the areas.

Fostering Interpersonal Relationships in Diverse Groups

Fostering Interpersonal Relationships in Diverse Groups Proper interpersonal relationship is an important provision within international corporations. Additionally, the aspects of diversity must be considered within organizations in order to enhance competitiveness, distinctiveness, prosperity, and uphold meaningful competitive advantages.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fostering Interpersonal Relationships in Diverse Groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A marketing campaign (organized by a global U.S. Corporation) meant to recruit team members in Greece, Singapore, Germany, and Iran must consider the provisions of varying cultures, diversity, interpersonal relations, and other relevant provisions in the recruitment drive. Since the organization endeavors to attain an international outlook, dominance, and presence, it is crucial to consider such provisions during the development of a viable recruitment drive (House, Gupta, Dorfman Javidan, 2004). This move will consi der and nurture the aspects of Cultural differences, gender provisions, power distance, future performances, individualistic vs. collectivist patterns, uncertainty avoidance, and assertiveness among other considerable virtues. There are numerous ways through which an organization can foster interpersonal relationships among the diverse groups of people from the four concerned cultures namely Greece, Singapore, Germany, and Iran. Evidently, each country has varying cultures in the realms of their lifestyles, operations, and workplace provisions. In order to foster interpersonal relationships, the aspects of tolerance, understanding, support, flexibility, and cultural dynamism are important. They allow one to relate perfectly with others despite the cultural and individual differences (Firestone Catlett, 2009). It is crucial to consider such provisions in the diverse contexts due to their viability and appropriateness. By promoting tolerance among the concerned individuals, it is pos sible to enhance the interpersonal relationships in a diverse workforce. Encouraging teamwork, providing individuals with considerable and equal opportunities within the workforce, as well as nurturing each person’s distinctiveness can help in fostering interpersonal relationships considerably. It is also important to appreciate gender differences, enhance equality, enhance future performances, and reduce the provisions of power distance within international corporations. The understanding of honor and diversity across the four cultures of Greece, Singapore, Germany, and Iran can be improved through numerous ways. It is important to enlighten the concerned stakeholders on the importance of diversity and how it can be nurtured to benefit the concerned organizations.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, cultural differences can be used to improve the competitiveness, international presence, viability, and competitive advantages of the concerned company despite the challenges. This is a critical provision in diverse contexts as indicated earlier. Another practice meant to develop/improve the understanding of honor and diversity within the concerned organization is the development of equity and justness within the workforce (House, Gupta, Dorfman Javidan, 2004). Since the four countries differ considerably in the aspects of culture, it is crucial to consider viable provisions regarding this issue. Some cultures have established and embraced the provisions of individualism while others have embraced collectivism. Operating contextually in every country might enhance the prosperity of the organization. Additionally, minimizing power distance and avoiding uncertainties can actually help in the situation. It is crucial to understand how to be a servant leader to employees from each of the four countries namely Greece, Singapore, Germ any, and Iran. Since each country possesses distinctive workplace cultures, a servant leader in each country must understand the environment of operation, embrace interpersonal relationships, lead by examples, establish/embrace teamwork, and consider other viable provisions that will uphold the productivity of the workforce (Grà ¶schl, 2011). This occurs while regarding diverse stipulations in each country. Additionally, a servant leader must prospect the intended future performances of the organization in respective countries. This will help in organizing business prospects within the corporation. Concurrently, it is important to be assertive in some circumstances. References Firestone, R. Catlett, J. (2009). The ethics of interpersonal relationships. London: Karnac. Grà ¶schl, S. (2011). Diversity in the Workplace: Multi-disciplinary and International Perspectives. Farnham: Gower. House, R., Gupta, V., Dorfman, P. Javidan, M. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Fostering Interpersonal Relationships in Diverse Groups specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Research on single mother Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Research on single mother - Term Paper Example The research method used is based upon facts and credible sources in the form of surveying. Te main idea of the article focuses on which geographical areas, ethnic groups and peoples of certain wealth participate in breast feeding. It is proven that breastfeeding or human milk offers the breastfeeding child the best chances at fighting and preventing diseases. Since the use of human milk is so beneficial, it is important to get the information out there to those who are unaware of the benefits of breast milk. Programs such as the WIC (Women, Infant and Children Program) are quite beneficial at encouraging woman of low income or minority groups to breastfeed their children. Although the program encourages women to breast feed, the program does not encourage the continuation of breastfeeding. (Forste, Hoffmann2008) Data that has been collected can help to determine which targets need to be met and the benefits of meeting these targets. The article uses facts collected to provide accura te method. The method uses data that has been collected from the National Immunization Surveys. There data is collected from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These surveys took place in 2003 and 2004.

The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Hobbit by J.R.R. Tolkien - Essay Example There are many reasons as to why the notion that Bilbo’s decision to go on the adventure was not due to peer pressure but one which was associated with his inner most desires being put forward. It is easy to believe that people never change, however while some might believe that others put faith in the notion that if given an opportunity everyone changes. As far as J.R.R Tolkien’s character Bilbo Baggins is concerned, an alteration of this character that undergoes significant changes is evident to the reader. The truth of the matter is that the true nature of an individual is brought to the surface when he is put under several tests. These tests for Bilbo were the adventures he undertakes. So we might say that this transformation might have been insightful but these characteristics, brave, resourceful and adventurous were always who Bilbo Baggins was. These hidden characteristics were a big part of why Bilbo Baggins decided to undertake this journey in order to find himself. His boring monotonous yet comfortable life and his forthright denial were just based on the forced perception of the Hobbits as creatures who were not at all adventurous or brave or prone to taking risks. Where society believed he was a coward he managed to prove them wrong in the way we see Bilbo fight the great spider by using his little sword. We see how slaying the great monster made Bilbo realize that without anyone else’s help he had managed to overcome a great hurdle. This independence and bravery were his defining characteristics as he had gloriously prevailed as the victor despite the enormity of his opponent. He now managed to see himself as the person Gandalf was known he was when he had extended to him the invitation to embark on the adventure. There are other reasons which would explain why Bilbo was so against the idea of going on the adventure when Gandalf had initially asked him. It had little to do with the Hobbit really wanted but

Analysing Helicopter Landing Gear

Analysing Helicopter Landing Gear The Landing gear, an important part of a helicopter, assists the helicopter to land. So, when the helicopter is in land condition, the landing gear should withstand the whole weight of the helicopter. Apart from this, it should also withstand the thrust while landing operation is on. The landing gear of a helicopter can be of three types: Skid type Wheel type The skid type landing gear is the simplest one and cheaper to manufacture. Some skids allow the helicopter to land even on water. If the helicopter need to land on hard surfaces (like runway) regularly, then some special kinds of shoe need to be attached to the skid. The shoe can be replaced upon wearing. The most commercial helicopter has the skid type landing gear. The wheel type landing gear is little complicated and costlier as compared to the skid types but the wheel type landing gear gives easier ground handling and advantageous while rough and crush landing. In our case, we have to design a landing gear suitable for landing on an air craft carrier. The landing condition can become really bad due to the vertical motion of the aircraft carrier. Considering this severe landing condition I have chosen to go ahead with the wheel type landing gear for this assignment. I have used ADAMS/View for creating the design models, ADAMS/Vibration for running the vibration analysis and ADAMS post processing for analyzing and plotting the results. Design of Landing Gear Mechanism Research on Existing Landing Gear From the earlier days of the aviation history, many concepts of the landing gears are used. I will explain few of them here: Landing gear with leaf springs: The uses of aluminum leaf springs are possible for the very light weight helicopter (around 300kg). The design looks attractive. Fig.1: Showing the concept of aluminum spring landing gear The concept of the heavy duty composite leaf spring is being experimented by some of the commercial aircraft manufacturer including AIRBUS. The main advantage of leaf spring concept is its reduced part count. Landing gear with shock absorber: Most commercial applications use shock absorbers for the design of the landing gears. Fig.2: Showing a typical shock absorber based landing gear design Based on the numbers and the positions of the tires, this type of landing gears are typically classified in nine configurations as shown in the below figure (fig.3). Fig.3: Showing classifications of shock based landing gear I have used the Twin configuration of tires for each of the landing gears and used total of three landing gears in my final design. However, before selecting the final design, I have studied one concept with two twin configuration landing gears at rear and one single configuration landing gear at front as well. Design Inputs Few of the design inputs were given along with the assignment and for others, either I googled out from the manufacturers specifications or assumed. All together I have used the following design inputs: Weight of the helicopter = 5126 Kg Length of the helicopter = 15.16 m Spacing between the two rear landing gear = 2.5 m Spacing between the front and the rear landing gear = 5 m Youngs modulus of steel = 2.7E11 N/m2 Density of steel = 7801 kg/m3 Poissons ratio of steel = 0.29 Youngs modulus of rubber = 5E6N/m2 Density of steel = 1100 kg/m3 Poissons ratio of steel = 0.3 Possible design options After doing the preliminary study of the existing available designs, two aspects had come to my mind before proceeding further: one, covering all the assignment tasks and two, simplicity. I was looking for coming out few design concepts, which are good enough to cover all the assignment tasks and simple enough to finish the assignment in time. And I came out with the following two concepts: Design option -1: In this concept, I have used two twin-configured rear landing gears and one single-configured front landing gear. Fig.4: Showing a real life example of the Design option-1 The three landing gears (one front and two rears) are connected to a triangular top frame made up of steel. The top steel frame in turn is bolted with the fuselage. Design option-2: In the second concept, I have used three twin landing gears. One, in front and two are at rear. Please not that I have used two wheels (twin) in front (in design option-1, I have used a single nose wheel in front). The three landing gears are connected with the triangular top frame. The top frame is bolted with the fuselage. Creations of the ADAM models ADAMS is a tool, develop by MSC and used extensively for simulating different types of mechanisms. It has different modules, out of which I have used the ADAMS/View here. I also used the ADAMS Vibration plug-in for simulating the action of the ocean waves on the stationary helicopter on the aircraft carrier. I have used the block option for creating the base (aircraft carrier platform), torus option for creating the wheels , the link option to create the axels, cylinder option to create the top frame (which will be bolted to the fuselage) and the spring option for creating the shock absorber springs . Also, I have made used of the options like point, contacts, joint, force, input channel and output channel. How? I will explain in details little later, while explaining each of the design concepts separately. Fig.5: Showing MSC ADAMS tools ADAMS model for the design option-1 Start ADAMS/View. In the main toolbox right click the Rigid body and click the Point to create the points each at the wheel centers, at the three vertex of the frame, at the top left corner of the base. Again in the main tool box, right click the Rigid body bar and click the Box to create the base. Click on the Torus of the Rigid Body bar to create all the five wheels. Click on the Link of the rigid body bar to create the three axels. Click on the Cylinder of the Rigid body bar to create all the three sides of the top frame. Use the Merge two bodies of the rigid body bar to merge all the three sides of the top frame into one. Under Joint bar, select Revolute to connect the wheels with the respective axels. Under Forces bar, select Translational Spring-Damper to connect the axels and the respective vertices of the triangular top frame. Create sliding joints between the base and back ground and between the top frame and back ground. Under Forces bar, select Contact to create the contact between the wheels and base. Finally, the design option-1 ADAMS model should look like below: Fig.6: showing the ADAMS model of design option-1 ADAMS model for the design option-2 Following the similar procedure as described for creating the ADAMS model for design option-1, I have created the Design option-2 (with twin in front). The ADAMS model of the design option-2 looks like below: Fig.7: Showing the ADAMS model of design option-2 Comparisons of the design options After finishing the ADAMS model for both the design concepts, I run the Normal landing analysis on both design option models. The data used for the Normal landing analysis for both the design options are as below: Vertical descent speed of the top frame = 0.5 m/sec Vertical upward speed of the base = 0 m/sec Spring Stiffness coefficient= 30 N/mm Spring damping coefficient =1 Ns/mm Spring preload = 17000 N I got the following results: Fig.8: Showing the acceleration plot of the top triangular frame for Design option-1 and the Design option-2. The above plot (fig.8) is showing that the acceleration of the top frame for the design option-1 is higher than that for the design option-2. Fig.9: Showing the Z-direction reaction force plot of the joint between the top frame and the back ground (space) for Design option-1 and the Design option-2. The above plot (fig.9) is showing that the design concept-1 is producing lots of Z- direction force, the force that can affect the stability of the helicopter. So, on the basis of the above analysis, I have chosen the Design option-2 for further study. Results and Calculations Spring Calculations Sprung mass = 5126 kg Maximum acceptable acceleration = 0.3 m/s2 Preload on each spring = 5126*(9.81+0.3)/3 = 17274 N Dynamic Analysis Results Normal landing Normal landing analysis is performed based on the following conditions: Vertical descent speed of the top frame = 0.5 m/sec Vertical upward speed of the base = 0 m/sec Spring Stiffness coefficient= 30 N/mm, 50 N/mm, 70 N/mm Spring damping coefficient =1 Ns/mm Spring preload = 17274 N Fig.10: Showing normal landing analysis of the design option-2 for different spring rate Hard landing Hard landing analysis is performed based on the following conditions: Vertical descent speed of the top frame = 3 m/sec Vertical upward speed of the base = 3 m/sec Spring Stiffness coefficient= 30 N/mm, 50 N/mm, 70 N/mm Spring damping coefficient =1 Ns/mm Spring preload = 17274 N Fig.11: Showing hard landing analysis of the design option-2 for different spring rate Crush landing Crush landing analysis is performed based on the following conditions: Vertical approach speed of the top frame = 15 m/sec Vertical upward speed of the base = 0 m/sec Spring Stiffness coefficient= 30 N/mm, 50 N/mm, 70 N/mm Spring damping coefficient =1 Ns/mm Spring preload = 17274 N Fig.12: Showing crush landing analysis of the design option-2 for different spring rate The acceptance criteria of the above analysis are as follow: Normal landing: Minimum acceleration Hard landing: 50 m/sec2 Crush landing: 300 m/sec2 In order to fulfill all the acceptance criteria, I have chosen the spring stiffness as 30 N/mm and proceed further for the vibration analysis. Vibration Analysis Results Fig.13: Showing frequency response of the design option-2 The pick of the frequency response curve is indicating the resonance frequency, which is around 2.5 Hz for our case. Fig.14: Showing PSD plot of the design option-2 The above plot is showing the transmitted power from all the inputs used in the analysis as a function of the frequency. Again, the pick (2.5 Hz) is showing the resonating frequency here. Discussion Task 1 For the Task-1 , I have developed two design options (as shown in section 3.1 and 3.2) and compare the two design options on the basis of normal landing analysis (section 3.3). The result has shown that the design option-2 is better in terms of acceleration and z-direction reaction force. Hence I have selected the design option-2 for the further study. Task 2 For the task-2 , I have run the normal, hard and crush landing analysis (section 4.2) on the design option-2 for different spring stiffness and choose the best spring stiffness to ensure that all the acceptance criteria is met. Task 3 For Task-3, I run the vibration analysis for the design option-2 (section-4.3) and find out the resonating frequency for the mechanism on response to the sea wave. Task 4 For the task-4, I have discussed (section 3) how I have used the ADAMS/View for creating the ADAMS model and also, I have discussed how I simulate the mechanism. Conclusion The emphasis is given to come out with a simple but reasonably good landing gear mechanism, which will be able to pass all the test conditions specified in the assignment. The hand calculations are used for selecting the spring preload however, the selection of the spring stiffness is done on the basis of hit and trial. ADAMS/View and ADAMS Vibration plug-in are used for the whole analysis for getting the quick and easily interpretable results. I believe that the design of the mechanism can be further improved by incorporating the torsion springs along with the compression springs.

Erikson and Meet the Parents

Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development details eight different stages describing a healthy human’s development from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage presents a new conflict between a biological and sociocultural force. Successful negotiation of these forces results in the individual moving the next stage with the favored attribute. Mastery of each stage’s challenges isn’t necessary to advance to the next stage but unconquered challenges are likely to reappear in the future. Almost every movie out exemplifies some form of family dynamics and Erikson’s stages of development.However, the movie I chose to demonstrate two characters in two different psychosocial development stages is Meet the Parents. Meet the Parents depicts Greg Focker’s struggle to gain his girlfriend Pam’s dad’s approval for her hand in marriage. For many men asking the love of your life’s dad for approval to marry her can be a very nerve-r acking and scary experience. For Greg, a Jewish male nurse, Murphy’s Law takes over and the situation becomes more embarrassing than expected. It doesn’t help that Pam’s father is a strict, overbearing, ex CIA agent with a lie detector in the basement.The two characters I will be relating to different stages of Erikson’s developmental theory are Greg Focker and his soon to be father-in-law Jack Byrnes. Greg Focker is definitely in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage of development that typically occurs between ages 20-24. His existential question is â€Å"Can Love? † Greg has established his career and identity and is open to the ideas of love and marriage. He is ready to make a long-term commitment and has done so with Pam, his live in girlfriend.Their intimate, reciprocal relationship has made Greg willing to make sacrifices and compromises required to make her happy and their relationship function. This concept is exemplified throughout the movie a s Greg goes to great lengths to gain the approval of his loved one’s father, Jack. Since Greg has been able to form an intimate relationship with Pam, intimacy has prevailed over isolation. Jack Byrnes is in middle adulthood; his internal conflict is generativity vs. stagnation. The main question faced by individuals between the ages of 25-64 is â€Å"Can I Make My Life Count? Generativity is the concern of guiding the next generation. Jack already possesses a sense of generativity since he has been married, raised a family and contributed to society through his career in the CIA. He is now concerned about the next generation of his family, his daughter’s family and offspring. Although his daughter is grown he is still trying to help her grow into a responsible adult and having trouble accepting her soon to be spouse. However, in the end he does learn to accept Greg and master generativity; as a result he is on his way to the last stage of life which focuses on the vi rtue of wisdom. Erikson and Meet the Parents Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development details eight different stages describing a healthy human’s development from infancy to late adulthood. Each stage presents a new conflict between a biological and sociocultural force. Successful negotiation of these forces results in the individual moving the next stage with the favored attribute. Mastery of each stage’s challenges isn’t necessary to advance to the next stage but unconquered challenges are likely to reappear in the future. Almost every movie out exemplifies some form of family dynamics and Erikson’s stages of development.However, the movie I chose to demonstrate two characters in two different psychosocial development stages is Meet the Parents. Meet the Parents depicts Greg Focker’s struggle to gain his girlfriend Pam’s dad’s approval for her hand in marriage. For many men asking the love of your life’s dad for approval to marry her can be a very nerve-r acking and scary experience. For Greg, a Jewish male nurse, Murphy’s Law takes over and the situation becomes more embarrassing than expected. It doesn’t help that Pam’s father is a strict, overbearing, ex CIA agent with a lie detector in the basement.The two characters I will be relating to different stages of Erikson’s developmental theory are Greg Focker and his soon to be father-in-law Jack Byrnes. Greg Focker is definitely in the Intimacy vs. Isolation stage of development that typically occurs between ages 20-24. His existential question is â€Å"Can Love? † Greg has established his career and identity and is open to the ideas of love and marriage. He is ready to make a long-term commitment and has done so with Pam, his live in girlfriend.Their intimate, reciprocal relationship has made Greg willing to make sacrifices and compromises required to make her happy and their relationship function. This concept is exemplified throughout the movie a s Greg goes to great lengths to gain the approval of his loved one’s father, Jack. Since Greg has been able to form an intimate relationship with Pam, intimacy has prevailed over isolation. Jack Byrnes is in middle adulthood; his internal conflict is generativity vs. stagnation. The main question faced by individuals between the ages of 25-64 is â€Å"Can I Make My Life Count? Generativity is the concern of guiding the next generation. Jack already possesses a sense of generativity since he has been married, raised a family and contributed to society through his career in the CIA. He is now concerned about the next generation of his family, his daughter’s family and offspring. Although his daughter is grown he is still trying to help her grow into a responsible adult and having trouble accepting her soon to be spouse. However, in the end he does learn to accept Greg and master generativity; as a result he is on his way to the last stage of life which focuses on the vi rtue of wisdom.

Different Between Adaptive and Rational Expectation

Working Paper No. 00-01-01 Are Policy Rules Better than the Discretionary System in Taiwan? James P. Cover C. James Hueng and Ruey Yau Are Policy Rules Better than the Discretionary System in Taiwan? James Peery Cover Department of Economics, Finance, and Legal Studies University of Alabama Phone: 205-348-8977 Fax: 205-348-0590 Email: [email  protected] ua. edu C. James Hueng Department of Economics, Finance, and Legal Studies University of Alabama Phone: 205-348-8971 Fax: 205-348-0590 Email: [email  protected] ua. edu and Ruey Yau Department of Economics Fu-Jen Catholic University Taiwan Phone: 619-534-8904 Fax: 619-534-7040 Email: [email  protected] csd. edu Correspondence to: C. James Hueng Department of Economics, Finance, and Legal Studies University of Alabama, Box 870224 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 Phone: 205-348-8971 Fax: 205-348-0590 Email: [email  protected] ua. edu Are Policy Rules Better than the Discretionary System in Taiwan? ABSTRACT This paper investigates whether th e central bank of Taiwan would have had a more successful monetary policy during the period 1971:1 to 1997:4 if it had followed an optimal rule rather than the discretionary policies that were actually employed.The paper examines the use of two different instruments—the discount rate and the monetary base—with several different targets — growth of nominal output, inflation, the exchange rate, and the money growth. The results show that most of the rules considered would not have significantly improved the performance of the Taiwanese economy. The only rule that is clearly advantageous is one that targets inflation while using the interest rate instrument. Keywords: monetary policy rule, small open economy, dynamic programming JEL classification: E52, F41 1.Introduction How well has the Central Bank of Taiwan implemented monetary policy during the past three decades? With the exception of two inflationary episodes during periods of oil-price shocks (1973-1974 and 1979-1981), as far as inflation is concerned, the historical record suggests that monetary policy in Taiwan has been very successful. Figure 1 shows that during other periods the rate of inflation in Taiwan typically has been relatively low, nearly always being between 2% and 7% per year. But could the Central Bank of Taiwan have performed much better than it actually did?That is, could it have achieved a lower and less variable rate of inflation at little or no cost in terms of lost output? Because Taiwanese monetary policy has been discretionary, rather than based on a formal rule, there is a strand of macroeconomic theory that suggests the answer to this question must be yes. If the structure of the Taiwanese economy is such that an unexpected increase in the rate of inflation causes output to increase, then policy makers have an incentive to increase inflation. This implies that a discretionary monetary policy will have an inflationary bias [Kydland and Prescott (1977) and Barr o (1986)].The existence of this inflationary bias makes it difficult for policy makers to lower expected inflation without first earning a reputation for price stability. If the only way to earn this reputation is through actually achieving low inflation, then the cost of reducing inflation is a significant loss of output. A solution to this reputation or credibility problem is for the monetary authority to follow an explicit formal rule that eliminates its discretion to inflate. It therefore follows that a monetary policy implemented according to a rule will achieve lower inflation than a discretionary monetary policy.For example, Judd and Motley (1991, 1992, 1993) and McCallum (1988) have examined the empirical properties of nominal feedback rules and find that the use of simple feedback rules could have produced price stability for the United States over the past several decades without significantly increasing the volatility of real output. 1 This paper examines whether the cent ral bank of Taiwan would have had a more successful monetary policy if it had followed an explicit rule rather than the discretionary policies it actually implemented.Of the rules considered here, only one yields both an output variance and an inflation variance appreciably lower than those actually realized by the Taiwanese economy. Hence this paper concludes that the discretionary policies implemented by the central bank of Taiwan were very close to being optimal. Svensson (1998) divides proposed rules for monetary policy into two broad groups, instrument rules and targeting rules. Instrument rules require that the central bank adjust its policy instrument in response to deviations between the actual and desired value of one or more variables being targeted by the monetary authority.Examples of this type of rule are those proposed by both Taylor (1993) and McCallum (1988). A rule that requires the Fed to raise the federal funds rate (its instrument of monetary policy) whenever the growth rate of nominal GDP is unexpectedly high (the rate of growth of nominal GDP being the target variable) regardless of other information available to the Fed is an example of an instrument rule. But because instrument rules do not use all information available to the monetary authority, as shown by both Friedman (1975) and Svensson (1998), they are inferior to monetary policy rules that do use all available information.If a monetary policy rule minimizes a specified loss function while allowing the monetary authority to use all available information, then Svensson (1998) calls it a targeting rule. If the monetary authority is following a targeting rule, then it will respond to all information in a manner that minimizes its loss function. The loss function formalizes how important the monetary authority believes are deviations of its various target variables from their optimal values. The policy rule is derived from the optimal solution of the dynamic programming problem that m inimizes the loss function subject to the structure of the economy.The resulting rule expresses the growth of the policy instrument as a function of the predetermined variables in the model. That is, the policy instrument responds not only to the target variables but also to all other variables in the model. Hence a targeting rule would not 2 always require the Fed to raise the federal funds rate when the growth rate of nominal GDP is unexpectedly high because other information might imply that the relatively high rate of growth of nominal GDP is the result of an increase in the growth rate of real GDP (rather than an increase in inflation).Although there appears to be a growing consensus that price stability should be the central long-run objective of monetary policy, there are still continuing debates about the proper selection of the policy instrument and the best target variables. But clearly the choice of the best policy instrument and the best target(s) is an empirical issue. Furthermore, the best choices can vary from country to country because the controllability of any particular policy instrument and the effectiveness of each target most likely vary across countries.Therefore, this paper examines two different policy instruments and several targets to search for the best policy rule for Taiwan. The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the instrument and the targets of monetary policy that this paper considers. Section 3 describes the method used to derive the policy rules and conduct the simulations. Section 4 describes the data and presents the simulation results, while Section 5 offers some conclusions. 2. Instruments and Targets of Monetary Policies In discussing how monetary policy should be implemented it is helpful to draw a istinction between the instruments and the targets of monetary policy. The targets of monetary policy are those macroeconomic variables that the monetary authority ultimately desires to influence through its policy actions [Friedman, 1975]. For this reason Svensson (1998) prefers to call target variables only those variables that are important enough to be included in the monetary authority's loss function. The targets of monetary policy therefore are a way to formalize the overall objectives of a monetary authority.On the other hand, the instrument of monetary policy is the variable that the monetary authority chooses to control for the purpose of meeting its overall objectives, i. e. minimizing its loss function. 3 Monetary policy instruments basically fall into two categories: the monetary base and short-term interest rates. Proponents of using the monetary base as the instrument of monetary policy argue that the base is the variable that determines the aggregate level of prices, and therefore is a natural instrument for the control of inflation [McCallum (1988)].But most central banks, including the central bank of Taiwan, use a short-term interest rate as their instrume nt of monetary policy. Proponents of an interest rate instrument point out that it insulates the economy against instability in the demand for money, that interest rates are a part of the transmission channel of monetary policy, and that no useful purpose is served by wide fluctuations in interest rates [Kohn (1994)]. This paper presents simulation results using both types of instruments. The results support the central bank of Taiwan's decision to use an interest rate instrument.This paper examines four target variables: a monetary aggregate, the exchange rate, nominal income and the rate of inflation. 1 The targeting of a monetary aggregate often is advocated by those who believe that business cycles largely result from changes in the growth rate of a monetary aggregate [Warburton (1966), M. Friedman (1960)]. Another reason for choosing a monetary aggregate as the target variable for monetary policy is its ability to serve as a nominal anchor that can prevent policies from allowin g inflation to increase to an unacceptable level.Although this allows a monetary aggregate to communicate long-run policy objectives to the general public, as Friedman (1975) points out, it is by its very nature an inferior choice as a target variable because the monetary authority is only concerned with monetary aggregates to the extent that it provides them with information about inflation and output growth. 2 1 Recent For a more complete discussion about different target variables, see Mishkin (1999). That is, monetary aggregates are intermediate targets rather than true targets of monetary policy. Friedman (1975) shows that the use of intermediate targets is not optimal. Although Svensson's (1998) idea of using forecasts of the target variable as a synthetic intermediate target is implicit in Friedman's (1975) discussion. 4 instability in the velocity of money for the time being has ended any possibility that a monetary aggregate will be used as a target for monetary policy in t he United States. McKinnon (1984) and Williamson and Miller (1987) argue that monetary policy should target the exchange rate in an open economy.For example, the exchange rate has been the sole or main target in most of the EMS countries. Pegging the domestic currency to a strong currency prevents changes in the exchange rate from having an effect on the domestic price level. But exchange rate targeting results in the loss of an independent monetary policy. The targeting country cannot respond to domestic shocks that are independent of those hitting the anchor country because exchange rate targeting requires that its interest rate be closely linked to that in the anchor country.McCallum (1988) suggests a nominal GDP targeting rule because of its close relationship with the price level. The nominal GDP target has intrinsic appeal when instability in velocity makes a monetary target unreliable. As long as the growth rate of real GDP is predictable, there is a predictable relationship between nominal GDP and the price level. However, recent studies on the time series properties of real GDP raise questions about the predictability of real GDP.If real GDP does not grow at a constant rate, then a constant growth rate for nominal GDP does not guarantee a stable price level. Recently there has been a great upsurge of interest in direct inflation targeting, a policy that has been adopted by the central banks of New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Finland, Australia, and Spain. Although this policy has been implemented with apparent success in the above countries, there are theoretical concerns with inflation targeting.One problem with inflation targeting is that the effect of monetary policy actions on the price level occurs with considerably more delay than its effects on financial variables. The use of a financial variable such as monetary aggregates or exchange rates as the target would provide an earlier signal to the public that policy has deviated fr om its goals. In addition, attempts by the central 5 banks to achieve a predetermined path for prices may cause large movements in real GDP, but only if the price level is sticky in the short run.But the apparent success of inflation targeting, where it has been tried, suggests that these concerns are misplaced. 3 Also, because the effect of monetary policy on long-term trends in output and employment is now considered to be negligible, many economists are now advocating that monetary authorities should use only inflation (or the price level) as the sole target for monetary policy. According to this view the main contribution that monetary policy can make to the trend in real output is to create an environment where markets are not distorted by high and volatile inflation.The central bank of Taiwan appears to have accepted this position. It has repeatedly stated that its number one priority is price stability and the reaction function estimated by Shen and Hakes (1995) confirms that it has behaved as if price stability is an important policy goal. So what combination of policy instrument and target variable would result in the best rule for monetary policy in Taiwan? Would the adoption of such a rule have improved Taiwanese monetary policy during the past three decades?To answer these questions this paper experiments over two policy instruments (monetary base and interest rate) and four target variables (the rate of inflation, the growth rate of nominal GDP, the growth rate of the monetary base, and the change in exchange rate) in an attempt to find what would have been the best targeting rule for Taiwan during the period 1971:1-1997:4. The historical performance of the Taiwanese economy is then compared with the performance predicted by the â€Å"best† targeting rule to evaluate how good Taiwanese monetary policy has been.This comparison is made by comparing the volatility of the relevant variables resulting from the proposed rules with those from the historical data. 3 A careful reading of Friedman (1975) and Svensson (1998) also suggests that these concerns are misplaced. 6 Although, as noted above, by their very nature targeting rules are superior to instrument rules. Hence this paper emphasizes targeting rules. But just how much better targeting rules are than instrument rules is an empirical question of some practical importance because instrument rules are more transparent than targeting rules.Hence, for completeness, this paper also presents results for instrument rules using the rate of interest and the monetary base as instruments and the rate of inflation as the target variable. 3. The Model and Methodology 3. 1 The instrument rule An instrument rule adjusts the growth of the policy instrument in response to deviations between the actual and desired value of the target variable. That is, ? It = (? xt-1 – ? xt-1*), (1) where It represents the policy instrument, ? xt is the target variable, the superscript * denot es the target value desired by the central bank, and ? efines the proportion of a target miss to which the central bank chooses to respond. In this paper, variables are expressed as deviations from their own means. Therefore, there is no cost in terms of generality to set the targeted growth rate desired by the central bank to zero. The economy is characterized by an open-economy VARX model which includes five variables: the growth rate4 of real income (? yt), the rate of inflation (? pt), the change in the logarithm of the exchange rate (? et), the growth rate of the monetary base (? mt), and the change in the interest rate (? rt).Since the purpose of this paper only requires a model that fits the Taiwanese economy well during the sample period, we use a general VARX model with a 4 Growth rates in the empirical work are calculated by taking log-first differences. 7 maximum lag length of four and adopt Hsiao’s (1981) method to determine the optimal lags for each variable. 5 S pecifically, the general VARX model can be written as: ? Xt = A0 + A1? Xt-1 + A2? Xt-2 + A3? Xt-3 + A4? Xt-4 + i =0 ? ai ? I t ? i 4 + ? t, (2) where ? Xt is the 4? 1 vector that contains variables other than the growth of the policy instrument.The policy instrument has immediate effects on other variables if the 4? 1 vector a0 is not zero. For example, if the instrument is rt and the target is ? pt, then Xt = [ yt, pt, et, mt ] and equations (1) and (2) can be written as: ? rt = ? ?pt-1, ? Xt = A0 + A1? Xt-1 + A2? Xt-2 + A3? Xt-3 + A4? Xt-4 + (1)’ i =0 ? ai ? rt ? i 4 + ? t. (2)’ Previous studies such as Judd and Motley (1991, 1992, 1993) and McCallum (1988) estimate equation (2) and assume that the economy faces the same set of shocks that actually occurred in the sample period.The estimated equation, the historical shocks, and the policy rule (1) are used to generate the counterfactual data. Statistics calculated from the counterfactual data are then compared to the historical experiences. In these studies, the response parameter ? is arbitrarily set and the results from different ? ’s are compared. However, given linearity of the model and the variance-covariance matrix of historical shocks, one can analytically solve for the value of ? that minimizes the variance of the inflation rates. Specifically, substituting (1) into (2) yields a VAR(5) in ?Xt. For convenience, the VAR(5) system can be written as a more compact expression: 5 We tried to adopt Ball's (1998) open-economy Keynesian type model to Taiwan, but this model was not supported by the Taiwanese data. 8 ?Wt = B0 + B1? Wt-1 + ? t, (3) where Wt = [ Xt, Xt-1, Xt-2, Xt-3, Xt-4 ] and ? t = [? t, 0] are both 20? 1. Assume that ? Wt is stationary. Denote V? W as the variance-covariance matrix of ? Wt and V? the variance-covariance matrix of ?t. Equation (3) implies V? W = B1 V? W B1†² + V?. (4) Given the regression results of (2), the variance of ? t is a function of ? only. Th erefore, the value of ? that minimizes the variance of ? pt, given historical shocks, can be calculated. The advantages of an instrument rule include its simplicity, transparency to the public, and the fact that it is always operational. The central bank responds to observed deviations from the target and does not need to base its policy actions on forecasts that require knowledge of the structure of the economy. However, as noted above, instrument rules are not optimal in the sense that they do not use all available information.The policy instrument only responds to the target variables, which is usually inefficient compared to rules that allow the instrument to respond to all the variables in the model. The following section uses an optimal control problem to derive the optimal policy rule, instead of specifying the rule in advance. 3. 2 The targeting rule A targeting rule is derived from the minimization of a loss function. This loss function reflects the policymaker’s des ired path for the target variable. A commonly used one is a quadratic loss function which penalizes deviations of the target variable from its target value.The policymaker’s optimization problem can be solved with the knowledge of the dynamics of the economic structure, which is equation (2). That is, equation (2) is used as the constraints in the dynamic programming problem. To simplify analysis, equation (2) is written as a first-order system, Zt = b + B Zt-1 + C ? It + ? t, (5) 9 where Zt = [? Xt, ? Xt-1, ? Xt-2, ? Xt-3, ? It, ? It-1, ? It-2, ? It-3]. The constant vector b is 20? 1, B is 20? 20, C is 20? 1, ? t is 20? 1, and their arguments should be obvious. Therefore, the central bank's control problem is to minimize a stream of expected quadratic loss function: T 1 E0 ?Zt ‘ K Zt, T t =1 (6) subject to Zt = b + B Zt-1 + C ? It + ? t, (5) where the expectation E0 is conditional on the initial condition Z0. Again, without loss of generality, the target value is set t o zero since all the variables are expressed as deviations from mean. The elements in the matrix K are weights that represent how important to the central bank are deviations of the target variables from their target values. For example, if the central bank wants to target the inflation rates, then the [2,2] element of K is 1 and the other elements are all zeros.The loss function is equivalent to (1/T) E0 ?t =1? pt 2 . T If the central bank wants to target the nominal GDP, then the 2? 2 block on the upper left corner of K is a unity matrix and the other elements are all zeros. The loss function in this case is (1/T) E0 ?t =1(? yt + ? pt ) 2 . T Now the problem is to choose the policy instrument ? I1, . . . , ? IT that minimizes (6), given the initial condition Z0. By using Bellman's (1957) method of dynamic programming the problem is solved backward. That is, the last period T is solved first, given the initial condition ZT-1.Having found the optimal IT, we solve the two-period prob lem for the last two periods by choosing the optimal IT-1, contingent on the initial condition ZT-2, and so on. Letting T > ? , the optimal policy rule can be expressed as [see Chow (1975, ch. 8) for derivation details]: ? It = G Zt-1 + f , with (7) 10 G = -(C ‘ HC) ? 1 (C ‘ HB), f = -(C ‘ HC) ?1 C ‘ (Hb-h), H = K + (B+CG) ‘ H (B+CG), and h =[I-(B+CG) ‘ ] ?1 [- (B+CG) ‘ Hb]. The rule defines the policy instrument as a function of the predetermined variables in the model. The economy is assumed to face the same set of shocks that actually occurred in the historical period.Therefore, the estimated equations, the policy rule, and the historical shocks are used to generate the counterfactual data. The resulting statistics are compared. Even though it is usually more efficient to let the instrument respond to all the relevant variables than to let it respond only to the target variables, the ad hoc instrument rules are more widely discussed in th e literature. The reason for the preference for simple instrument rules may be that the targeting rule is more sensitive to model specifications. For example, the assumption of full information is generally maintained for the computation of an optimal rule.This tends to make the targeting rule less robust to model specification errors than are the simple instrument rules. In addition, the optimal rule may require larger adjustments of the instrument because it responds to more variables. This would in turn yield undesired higher volatility of the other variables such as output growth. Therefore, again, the choice between the instrument rule and the targeting rule cannot be determined by theory alone and is an empirical issue. 4. Empirical Results 4. 1 Data This paper uses Taiwanese national quarterly time series data for the period 1971:11997:4.The sample starts in 1971:1 because of data availability. All data are taken from two databanks: the National Income Accounts Quarterly and the Financial Statistical Databank. 11 The rediscount rate is used as rt because it indicates the policy intentions of the central Bank of Taiwan most directly. The monetary base mt is defined as the reserve money. The exchange rate target is the NT/US dollar rate. The variable yt is real GDP in millions of 1991 NT dollars, and pt is defined as the GDP deflators. Except interest rates, all variables are in logarithms. All variables are in first-difference form and expressed as deviations from their means.The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test is used to ensure that the variables are transformed into stationary processes6. The top row of Table 1 presents the historical standard deviations of the variables in the model in order to allow comparison with the values obtained from the simulations. 4. 2 Estimation results under instrument rules Panel A in Table 1 presents the standard deviations obtained using an instrument rule with inflation as the target variable. The first row of Panel A presents simulation results under an interest rate instrument, while the second row presents results under a monetary base instrument.The simulations using an interest rate instrument yielded standard deviations for output growth, the change in the exchange rate, and money growth that are only slightly higher than those for the historical data, while the standard deviation of inflation is slightly lower than its historical value. The only standard deviation in the first row of Panel A that differs substantially from the historical data is that for the change in the interest rate, which is much lower in the simulation.These results indicate that actual policy in Taiwan achieved results almost as good as those that would have been obtained under an optimal interest-rate instrument rule with the 6 The lag lengths in the ADF regressions are determined by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Schwartz's (1978) criterion. The maximum length is set to 12. A time trend is includ ed in the yt, pt, and mt regressions. All results indicate that the original time series are integrated of order one. The results of the tests are available from the authors upon request. 12 xception that the optimal rule would have yielded a more stable rate of interest. The simulation using the monetary base as the instrument yielded slightly higher standard deviations for all variables except the rate of inflation. Those for output growth, the change in the exchange rate, and the rate of interest were only slightly higher than the historical values, while the standard deviation of the growth rate of the monetary base was much higher than its historical value. The standard deviation of the inflation rate is slightly lower than the historical value but is higher than that in the interest rate instrument rule.These results suggest that the discretionary policy implemented in Taiwan was superior to an optimal monetary base instrument rule. They also indicate that an instrument rule u sing the rate of interest would have been superior to one employing the monetary base as instrument, though not by a large margin. 4. 3 Estimation results under targeting rules Panel B of Table 1 presents standard deviations of the variables under the various targeting rules considered here. The first four rows of Panel B present results obtained using an interest rate instrument.In the first row of Panel B the standard deviation of nominal GDP is minimized; in the second row the standard deviation of inflation is minimized; etc. The last three rows of Panel B present results under a monetary base instrument. Notice that for both instruments, if nominal GDP is the target, then the standard deviations of all variables are higher than their historical values. This implies that the growth rate of nominal GDP would not have been a suitable target variable for Taiwan. Furthermore, notice that for all targets under the monetary base instrument the standard deviation of output growth is mu ch higher than its historical value.This effectively rules out consideration of the monetary base as the instrument of monetary policy under a targeting rule for Taiwan. Now notice from the fourth row of Panel B that if the monetary base is the target under an interest rate instrument, the standard deviations of output growth and inflation are both higher 13 than their historical values. This effectively rules out the use of the monetary base as an appropriate target for monetary policy in Taiwan. Finally, by comparing rows â€Å"? pt Target† and â€Å"? t Target† of Panel B, one sees that if the rate of inflation is the target, then the standard deviations of output growth and inflation are lower than if the exchange rate is the target. Also, if inflation is the target, the standard deviations from the simulations for inflation and output are lower than their historical values. Hence it is concluded that Taiwanese monetary policy would have been better than its histor ical performance if it had used an optimal targeting rule with the rate of interest as instrument and inflation as the target. 5. Conclusion Taiwan has been very successful in using discretionary monetary policies.This paper attempts to see whether there exist policy rules that can improve the Taiwanese economy for the past several decades. This paper evaluates several monetary policy rules using Taiwanese quarterly data from 1971:1 to 1997:4. Two types of policy rules are examined. Instrument rules adjust the growth of the policy instrument in response to deviations between the actual and desired values of the target variable. Unlike those in the previous studies where arbitrary instrument rules are proposed, this paper solves analytically for the optimal instrument rules that minimize the standard deviation of the rate of inflation.Targeting rules are derived from the solution to the dynamic programming problem that minimizes a loss function subject to the structure of the economy . The rule expresses the growth of the policy instrument as a function of all the predetermined variables in the model. Two policy instruments (interest rate and monetary base) and four targets variables (nominal GDP growth, inflation rate, changes in exchange rates, and money growth rate) are examined in the paper. Simulations of a simple VARX model and the policy rules suggest that, 14 ompared to the historical policy, the use of a policy rule in Taiwan would not have reduced substantially the volatility of inflation rate. The only policy rule that would appeal to the authority is the direct inflation targeting rule with the interest rate as the instrument. This rule would have reduced the standard deviation of the inflation rate in Taiwan by 0. 7% while maintained similar volatility of the other variables to those in the historical data. 15 References Ball, L. (1998), â€Å"Policy Rules for Open Economies,† NBER Working Paper 6760. Barro, Robert J. (1986). Recent Developme nts in the Theory of Rules Versus Discretion,† The Economic Journal Supplement, 23-37. Bellman, R. E. (1957), Dynamic Programming, Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press. Chow, G. C. (1975), Analysis and Control of Dynamic Economic System, John Wiley & Sons Press. Friedman, Benjamin (1975), â€Å"Rules Targets, and Indicators of Monetary Policy,† Journal of Monetary Economics, 1, 443-73. Friedman, Milton (1960), A Program for Monetary Stability. Fordham University Press, New York. Hsiao, C. (1981), â€Å"Autoregressive modelling and money-income causality detection,† Journal of Monetary Economics, 7, 85-106.Judd, J. P. and B. Motley (1991), â€Å"Nominal feedback rules for monetary policy,† Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review (Summer), 3-17. Judd, J. P. and B. Motley (1992), â€Å"Controlling inflation with an interest rate instrument,† Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review 3, 3-22. Judd, J. P. and B. Motley (1993), â€Å"Using a nominal GDP rule to guide discretionary monetary policy,† Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review 3, 3-11. 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H. and Hakes, D. R. (1995), â€Å"Monetary policy as a decision-making hierarchy: The case of Taiwan,† Journal of Macroeconomics 17, 357-368. Taylor, John B. (1993). â€Å"Discretion versus Policy Rules in Practice,† Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 39: 195:214.Warburton, Clark (1966), â€Å"Introduction,† Depression, inflation, and Monetary Policy: Selected Papers, 1945-1953. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. Williamson, John and Miller, Marcus (1987). Targets and Indicators, Washington: Institute for International Economics. 17 Table 1:Standard Deviations of the Variables (in Percentage) Output Growth ? yt Historical Data: Simulated Data: (A) Instrument Rules: Interest Rate Instrument: ? pt Target Monetary Base Instrument: ? pt Target (B) Targeti ng Rules: Interest Rate Instrument: ? (yt + pt) Target ? pt Target ? et Target ? t Target Monetary Base Instrument: ? (yt + pt) Target ? pt Target ? et Target 5. 346 3. 862 3. 798 4. 964 1. 972 3. 449 2. 767 5. 950 2. 139 14. 63 27. 781 6. 794 0. 185 0. 198 0. 159 4. 348 2. 993 3. 047 4. 446 4. 314 2. 092 3. 064 6. 880 3. 076 2. 469 2. 361 2. 771 5. 421 4. 473 4. 281 4. 058 0. 485 0. 175 0. 332 0. 431 -2. 38 3. 308 2. 748 2. 718 6. 540 0. 178 3. 185 Inflation Rate ? pt 2. 793 Change in Exchange rate ? et 2. 415 Monetary Base Growth ? mt 4. 315 Change in interest rate ? rt 0. 162 Optimal ? : 0. 0133 3. 201 2. 633 2. 601 4. 454 0. 035The sample period is from 1971:1 to 1997:4. The variable ? yt is real GDP growth rate, ? pt is inflation rate, ? et is change in exchange rates, ? mt is monetary base growth rate, and ? rt is change in interest rates. All data are from the National Income Accounts Quarterly and the Financial Statistical Databank data banks. The response parameter ? in the instrument rules defines the proportion of a target miss to which the central bank chooses to respond. 18 Figure 1 Inflation Rate (annual rate %) 70 60 Inflation Rate (% per year) 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 70 74 78 82 Year 86 90 94 98 19