Computer Hackers Essays - Computing, Human Behavior, Culture

Computer Hackers.txt Essays - Computing, Human Behavior, Culture Computer Hackers The meaning of Hacker is one who accesses a computer which is supposably not able to be accessed to non authorised people of the community. Hackers may use any type of system to access this information depending on what they intend on doing in the system. Methods Hackers may use a variety of ways to hack into a system. First if the hacker is experienced and smart the hacker will use telnet to access a shell on another machine so that the risk of getting caught is lower than doing it using their own system. Ways in which the hacker will break into the system are: 1) Guess/cracking passwords. This is where the hacker takes guesses at the password or has a crack program to crack the password protecting the system. 2) Finding back doors is another way in which the hacker may get access to the system. This is where the hacker tries to find flaws in the system they are trying to enter. 3) One other way in which a hacker may try to get into a system is by using a program called a WORM. This program is specially programmed to suit the need of the user. This programme continually tries to connect to a machine at over 100 times a second until eventually the system lets in and the worm executes its program. The program could be anything from getting password files to deleting files depending on what it has been programmed to do. Protection The only way that you or a company can stop a Hacker is by not having your computer connected to the net. This is the only sure fire way in which you can stop a hacker entering your system. This is mainly because hackers use a phone line to access the system. If it is possible for one person to access the system then it is possible for a hacker to gain access to the system. One of the main problems is that major companies need to be networked and accessible over the net so that employees can do overdue work or so that people can look up things on that company. Also major companies network their offices so that they can access data from different positions. One way which is used to try to prevent hackers gaining access is a program used by companies called a Firewall. A Firewall is a program which stops other connections from different servers to the firewall server. This is very effective in stopping hackers entering the system. Tho this is not a fool proof way of stopping hackers as it can be broken and hackers can get in. Tho this is a very good way of protecting your system on the InterNet. Major Hacks Some of the major hacks that have been committed have been done by young teens aged between 14 and 18. These computer geniuses as they are known have expert knowledge on what they are doing and also know the consequences. Tho the consequences do not really enter there mind when they are doing it. This hack occurred on February 10, 1997, and again on February 14, 1997 Portuguese hackers launched a political attack on the web page of the Indonesian government, focusing on that country's continued oppression of East Timor. The attack was online for about 3 hours from 7.00 PM to 10.00 PM (Portuguese Time) at the web site of the Department of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia. The hackers did not delete or change anything. The said We just hack pages. Another major hack that occurred was on April 1 1981 by a single user. This hacker who was situated in an east coast brokage house was interested in the stock market. SO he purchased $100,000 worth of shares in the stock market. Then he hacked into the stock markets main computers and stole $80 million dollars. The hacker was eventually caught although $53 million dollars was not recovered. On Wednesday, March 5 1997 The home page of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's was recently hacked and the contents changed. The group known as H4G1S. This group of hackers managed to change the contents of the webpage The hacking group changed the webpage and left a little

5 Pairs of Compound Words, and How Theyre Compounded

5 Pairs of Compound Words, and How Theyre Compounded 5 Pairs of Compound Words, and How They’re Compounded 5 Pairs of Compound Words, and How They’re Compounded By Mark Nichol A while back, I wrote about compound words involving front and back, in and out, and up and down, and the bewildering variety of styles (open, hyphenated, and closed) for each group. Here are five more pairs of words to watch for when they’re used in compound phrases. 1. Light and Dark To be light-headed and to be lighthearted are not strictly analogous one is a physical sensation, and the other refers to an emotion (though it may result in a physical response) but they are both adjectives. So, why is one (and similar compounds like light-fingered and light-footed) hyphenated and the other closed? I confess I’m in the dark. But note that compounds beginning with dark are always open (â€Å"dark days† â€Å"dark horse,† â€Å"dark matter†). Most other noun compounds beginning with light (â€Å"light meter,† â€Å"light pen†) are open, but notice light-rail, which, like a few other compound nouns (mind-set, life-form), remain stubbornly hyphenated (though the meaning of light here differs; it’s akin to the definition in the previous paragraph). When the noun light is the last element of a compound, it’s always closed: candlelight, flashlight, searchlight. 2. Mind and Brain I’m going to go out of my mind. Why is one simpleminded yet single-minded? Is it because one is a presumably perpetual state that a person so designated has little or no control over, while the other is a personality trait? But compounds beginning rather than ending with mind generally obey these rules: open in noun compounds (with the previously noted exception of mind-set and the obscure mind-healer, as well as the jargony mindshare) and hyphenated in adjectival compounds such as mind-bending and mind-boggling). Brain, meanwhile, is almost always open (â€Å"brain trust,† â€Å"brain wave†); brain-dead is a rare exception. 3. Right and Wrong Compounds employing these words for practical or moral choices are generally open (â€Å"right angle,† â€Å"wrong side†), but phrasal adjectives with prepositions (right-of-way, right-to-work) are always hyphenated. 4. Right and Left Most compounds employing right or left as directions are open (noun phrases like â€Å"left wing,† adverbial phrases such as â€Å"right away†), but the phrasal adjectives left-handed and right-handed (also adverbs) are always hyphenated. 5. Smart and Dumb By now, you know not to expect logic in idiomatic phrases it’s â€Å"smart aleck† but smart-ass (or smart-mouth). Open phrasing, however, is preponderant for smart and dumb: â€Å"smart card,† â€Å"smart drug,† â€Å"dumb down,† â€Å"dumb show† (pantomime). Street-smart is hyphenated, but â€Å"street smarts† is open. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:10 Rules for Writing Numbers and NumeralsThe Parts of a WordHow Do You Fare?

Communication Challenges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication Challenges - Essay Example The first challenge for communication to take place comes in when a communicator chooses the wrong communication channel. Channel involves the route or the method used to convey the message. A channel must be suitable to as many recipients who must have a way of encoding the message. A wrong identification of the intended audience by the communicator will mean a wrong channel and thus no communication. For instance, when a communicator intends to communicate to a large audience, he must choose a channel that accommodates that. It will be easier to broadcast the news of an upcoming urgent event on a radio or TV other than use written messages. On the other hand, complex information requires a written form of communication other than a verbal form. The second challenge or barrier to communication depends on the receiver of the message. Attitudinal barriers come about because of individual problems of the recipients. The relationship between team players can affect communication. For instance, personal conflicts between people in a team or in an office will hinder open communication, delay communication, or even make some employees refuse to communicate at all. In addition, poor management, lack of training, and employee consultation will lead to a dissatisfied and demotivated team. It is very hard to communicate to a team that is not motivated; they will encode what they want to hear. In the 21st century, communicators face the challenge of communicating to a tech-savvy team especially the younger generation.

Economics of Slavery Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics of Slavery - Essay Example Since an average slave hand could produce about a ton of tobacco yearly, the total increase in the tobacco trade over the century required an increase of about 70,000 hands, a minuscule fraction of the 5.7 million slaves imported during the same period. "As late as 1860 the average value of the capital invested in an American cotton textile factory was just $109,000 and the average number of employees was just 130" (Kolchin 1995, p. 24). Throughout the eighteenth century, the great slave plantations of the sugar colonies, with profits averaging about 10 percent on invested capital, were the largest privately owned enterprises of the age and their owners were among the richest of all men. The same can be said of the great cotton plantations in the United States on the eve of the Civil War (Kolchin, 1995). Alternative sources of labor were scarce; European labor was more expensive than African labor; Africans could endure the rigors of the tropics better than Europeans. While each of these factors played a role, no one of them individually, or their joint sum, constitutes an adequate explanation.

To Watch the Faces of the Poor Essay Example for Free

To Watch the Faces of the Poor Essay Charles Cunningham, in â€Å"â€Å"To Watch the Faces of the Poor†: Life Magazine and the Mythology of Rural Poverty in the Great Depression (1999),† details how Life magazine describes the agrarian poverty in 1930’s due to Great depression, ridiculing the poor of whites by showing photographs without enough explanation of this poverty. Exclusion of explaining the cause of poverty in agriculture possibly leads to these â€Å"White poor† as â€Å"worthy† poor, who are not inherently inferior, but are victims of nature and geography. Tom Delph-Janiurek, in his article of â€Å"Sounding Gender(ed): Vocal Performances in English University Teaching Spaces,† states that gendered voices are performed through repeated stylization of bodies, having connection with gendered and sexualized identities. Also, he argues that voice have a geography shaped by how discourses change across different types of space. Both these authors discuss how pre-held notions construct the distorted bias of poverty in race and gendered voices respectively. According to Cunningham, by showing many pictures of poor white in U. S. rural regions such as Oklahoma, Montana, Arkansas, and Dakota, Life magazine effectively aroused sympathy from readers of Life magazine who subsequently thought their poor condition was mainly attributable to misfortune. This limited a reasonable explanation of poverty of â€Å"worthy poor. † The readers of this magazine only saw the pictures of untidiness, biological unfitness, and sloth of the poor white, so only consider that they were handicapped sufferer by geographical conditions. The direct factor of this economic crisis, capitalism itself, was never involved or even considered as the cause of the poor condition in Life magazine. Thus, the readers of Life did not expand themselves as unworthy to be poor, and think of becoming destitute as a result of economic crisis. In Delph-Janiurek’s discussion of voices, although gendered dualism of voices seems obvious having distinctive characteristics in a certain way, voices actually have geography with involving the production and interpretation of them in particular ways within different kinds of spaces. It means that voices have much more unique ways of interpretation than the vocal performance of roles and identities. Audiences themselves grasp the context of speaking according to specific interactional spaces and geography. The understanding of talk is not only related to binary gendered voices, but also to surroundings and desired narratives. For example, when performing in drama, students would be required to relinquish one kind of vocal and adopt another to alter unenthusiastic, unemotional voices of heterosexual masculinity to more emotional theatrical voices through a process called â€Å"drag. Along with dragged voices, lesbian and gay voices can be performed vocally in ways that mimic the gender dualism. Some gay men can use extreme versions of â€Å"women’s voices† to act â€Å"camp† identities, or vice versa. Taken together, mythology of poverty with hidden crucial factor of economical crisis and various forms of vocal performance would result in abs olutely different interpretation by readers or audiences.

The Woman as Muse and Begetter: Susan Barton’s “anxiety of authorship”

In their 1979 work titled The Madwoman in the Attic, Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar discuss the difficulties faced by Victorian women attempting to write in a patriarchal society. Gilbert and Gubar describe the â€Å"anxiety of authorship† experienced by female writers who thus believe they are not capable of creating a successful work. J.M. Coetzee’s 1986 novel Foe, follows its protagonist Susan Barton as she experiences such anxiety in early eighteenth century England. Barton’s anxieties as well as the society in which she lives lead her to employ the writer Daniel Foe to write the story of her experience as a castaway. Throughout her encounters with Foe, Barton describes the difficulty of writing and in one instance, asks whether there exists a muse for female writers as well as males. This question echoes that asked by Gilbert and Gubar in their examination of the differences between the experience of male and female writers. In Foe, despite the fact that Barton gives over the responsibility of writing her story, she maintains some authority and control over the way in which it is written. The most concentrated example of this is when Barton claims the role of Foe’s muse, along with that of â€Å"father† of her story. In doing so, she reverses gendered terms associated with reproduction and successfully remains an active participant in the writing of her story despite not writing it herself. One question raised by Gilbert and Gubar in â€Å"The Madwoman in the Attic† is that of the muse in relation to the female poet. Cited is Harold Bloom’s idea that sexual intercourse between the male poet and the female muse is a metaphor for the poetic process. Through this metaphorical encounter, the male poet and the female muse unite with the res... ...ished to tell, there is a sense that she has resigned herself to this fact and has attempted to remain close with her story through her sexual encounter with Foe and embodiment of the muse. That she is not the writer of her story seems to imply the failings of society rather than those of her own attempts to write it. Although Barton does not overcome the gendered ideas of who can be a writer and who cannot, her decision to take advantage of other gender roles and influence the production of her story as a muse deeply involves her in the writing process. Works Cited Coetzee, J.M. Foe. London: Penguin, 1987. Print. Gilbert, Sandra M. and Susan Gubar. "From The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination." The Norton Anthology of Theory and Criticism. 2nd ed. New York: W. W. Norton &, 2010. 1926-1938. Print.

Art Hist Paper 1

I chose to write about the â€Å"Sarcophagus Depicting a Battle Between Soldiers and Amazons (Warrior Women)†. A sarcophagus is a stone coffin usually bearing sculpture or inscriptions. Supposedly, This Roman cultured sarcophagus was dedicated for an important Roman soldier. It was built some time in between 140 A. D. to 170 A. D. and made out of marble. Sarcophagus were officially made by the Greeks, hence the pediment. Although this sarcophagus was built by the Romans they still added the triangular roof at the top of the coffin, which was also invented by the Greeks.The scene on this coffin is of a battle between men soldiers and female warrior amazons. The battle scene that takes place on this casket is very interesting; it depicts different kinds of symbolism, emotion, and is more expressive. As i started to analyze this sarcophagus, the first thing I noticed was the five columns at the top of the pediment running downwards, having a loons head at the end. That being the first part, and the vivid battle scene displayed right under that.The first thing that came to my mind when i saw the lions was how lions were used as a protective guardian figure in the ancient egyptian times, and it seemed as if these lions, or guardian figures, were watching over from up above, and protecting them. Also another thing i found interesting that was a little out of place to be put on this battle scene'd coffin was the image each four corners had. They all had the same image of a man and a woman kneeling down and also both faced down. he man is higher and looks as if he's on top of the woman, and it seems as if they're praying, or may even be asking for forgiveness.Their facial expression seems very focused and determined as to what they are doing. The four corners seem the most calm from the whole scene. As for the battle, which is completely opposite, has a very violent and vulgar environment being shown. The battle scene has a lot of raging actions being shown. The horses really caught my attention, because they all are in somewhat of a different stance. noticed the horses that are standing over the dead bodies look a little less energized and and ready to fight compared to the other horses. the horses over the dead body are looking down at the bodies and seem to have a depressed/gloomy look or expression. although the other horses are so full of energy and ready to win a battle. not only do the horses expression show that but the Amazons body structures! their body postures and positions show more aggressiveness than the soldiers.The soldiers look as if they are being attacked and were caught off guard. They seem to be moving back and away from the Amazons, while on the other hand the Amazons are not stopping and going to attack. Also the women riding the horses symbolizes somewhat of a powerful characteristic for them, since they are in control of the horses. it can very easily be compared to a Equestrian portrait type, in which a young, en ergetic horse is being controlled by a strong powerful person. Also being noticed is the weapons being used in this battle.Both are wearing helmets, and tunics. the Women are using swords and the men are wearing plates of body armor and are using shields. The soldiers seem to have a relaxed pose for them being in the middle of a battle. They don't seem to be too tensed, they are just simply leaning back and holding up their shield rather than facing the warrior women and actually fighting back. they seem to be in a composite, contrapposto stance. The dead bodies of the women's seem to be more idealized, rather than individualized. hey each have the same posture on the ground and look as if they died peacefully, even though the environment wasn't peaceful. Not only does this sarcophagus environment not seem smooth, but neither is the texture. The battle scene seems to have a rigid kind of texture due to the drapery looking effect from the tunics and also the detailed work on the anim als and human figure, for example the horses hair and the humans helmet. Although the top of the coffin, the pediment, seems very smooth since there is not much carved into in that area.This funeral bed uses a high relief technique, instead of the images being carved into a flat surface they seem to project out towards the viewer. Although there is no color used, the high relief causes a shadowing effect. Even though this sculpture is not in color you can still tell that there is movement taking place in this scene. You can tell the horses and the women riding the horse are in movement because most of the horses front legs are bent in the air while the back legs are bent on the ground, positioned like they are currently mobile. nd Also you can tell that they are in motion because the Amazons capes and tunics are being blow by the wind. the soldiers seem to be mobile opposed to the women seeming to be more immobile. The women are on horses while the soldiers are standing with both fe et on the ground. I also noticed that the coffin has a design going all around the bottom and the top of the scene, which reminded me of the Greek ionic order, as to being more decorative and having the pediment.

A Proposal of Metrics for Botnet Detection based on its Cooperative Behavior

The primary contribution of the paper is the proposal of three metrics that can help identify the presence of botnets in a wide area network (WAN). The proposed metrics, namely relationship, response and synchronization are measured with respect to the traffic over a WAN. It is assumed that the behavior of botnets will recurrently exhibit these metrics. The authors define relationship as the connection that exists between the bots and bot master of a botnet over one protocol. This metric tries to detect the structure of a botnet’s relationship by analyzing the network traffic.It is observed that the response time to commands received by a legitimate host varies significantly while that of botnets is comparatively constant. The response time as a metric can thus help detect botnets. As the bots present in a botnet are programmed to carry out instructions from the bot master on a predetermined basis, it is assumed that their activities will synchronize. An analysis of the networ k traffic can possible help identify synchronized activity between hosts, thus detecting botnets.The metrics are evaluated by analyzing traffic measured in the Asian Internet Interconnection Initiatives (AIII) infrastructure over a period of 24 hours. The analysis validates the metrics proposed as a dense topology relationship, short range of response times and synchronization of activities are detected in the presence of a botnet. The authors propose that a combination of all the metrics be used for detecting a botnet. The design of an algorithm to detect botnets based on a combination of the three metrics has been identified as future work. Summary of â€Å"IRC Traffic Analysis for Botnet Detection†The paper addresses the problem of detecting botnets by modeling the behavior of botnets. The main idea of the paper is to analyze network traffic, model the behavior of botnets based on the analysis and use pattern recognition techniques to identify a particular behavior model a s belonging to a botnet. The proposed model for detecting botnets analyses traffic that uses the IRC protocol. A traffic sniffer is used to analyze packets in the promiscuous mode. The protocol detector detects traffic using the protocol of interest to the analysis, in this case IRC.The packets are decoded using the IRC decoder and the behavior models are built. The detection engine detects a botnet based on the behavior model. The features used to build a behavior model include features related to a linguistic analysis of the data that passes through an IRC channel in addition to the rate of activity in the channel. It is observed that the language used by bots has a limited vocabulary and uses many punctuation marks. The language used by humans is observed to have a wider mean and variance with respect to the words used in a sentence. The features used to model the behavior of botnets hare listed.The experiments have been conducted with clean data collected from chat rooms and bot net data collected at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Pattern recognition is performed using support vector machines (SVMs) and J48 decision trees and the results are reported in terms of confusion matrices. Though the botnets are detected using the above methods, the authors report that a further analysis of the data is necessary. Unsupervised testing of the model and expansion of the model for adaptation to other scenarios is proposed as future work. Summary of â€Å"The Automatic Discovery, Identification and Measurement of Botnets†The paper proposes a technique for identifying and measuring the botnets used to deliver malicious email such as spam. The implementation and performance of the proposed technique has been presented. The authors are of the opinion that the existing methods for detecting botnets used to send spam use significant amount of resources and are often applicable only after a botnet has been operational over a period of time. The authors propose a passive method for identifying botnets by classifying the email content. The headers present in the emails are used to group the mails.The authors assume that a botnet has a central center for control and that the same program is used by a botnet for creating and sending spam emails. Based on these the authors propose to classify emails by a passive analysis of the header content present in them. The Plato algorithm is proposed to identify the sender and the program used to send the email. The performance of the Plato algorithm is analyzed based on the following factors: clustering, durability, isolation and conflicts. The analysis is performed on a sample data containing 2. 3 million emails. In the dataset 96% emails are identified as having a probability of being spam.The algorithm is observed to successfully reflect the features associated with spam email. It helps group the emails based on the characteristics of the sender and the sending program. This grouping of emails can hel p identify a botnet and thus enable the membership and size of the botnet. The authors propose that the algorithm can be further used for classifying bulk emails, to understand the relationship between spam and viruses and as a replacement for spam filters using statistical methods. Summary of â€Å"Towards Practical Framework for Collecting and Analyzing Network-Centric Attacks†The paper proposes a network-centric framework based on an awareness of risk to help detect attacks from a botnet and prevent these attacks. The authors state that the bots follow certain network traffic patterns and these patterns can be used to identify a bot. The proposed framework consists of three main components, namely bot detection, bot characteristics and bot risks. The first component, bot detection, is used to detect known and unknown bots that try to penetrate the system. A honeypot based malware collection system component is used to attract bots to the honeypot and thus help detect bots. After the bots have been detected the characteristics of the bots are analyzed. The behavior of bots and their characteristics are identified by analyzing known malware, network traffic patterns and detecting the existence of any correlation between various instances of a malware. Various components are used to perform each of the tasks involved in bot characterization. To determine the risks posed by bots, the vulnerabilities present in the existing system are identified. The risk posed by a host with certain characteristics is calculated based on the vulnerabilities associated with the system. Thus the risk factor can be modified on demand.A combination of the identified characteristics and the associated risks is evaluated when a decision regarding the blocking of traffic is made. The authors present results that demonstrate the ability of the proposed framework to detect different types of bots. The feasibility of the proposed framework has been demonstrated. Enhancing of the co rrelation system and integration of the risk aware system with the architecture are proposed as future work. Summary of â€Å"Wide-Scale Botnet Detection and Characterization† The paper proposes a methodology based on passive analysis of the traffic flow data to detect and characterize botnets.A scalable algorithm that gives information about controllers of botnets is proposed based on analysis of data from the transport layer. Four steps have been identified in the process of detecting botnet controllers. Suspicious behavior of hosts is identified and the conversations pertaining to this host are isolated for further evaluation. These are identified as suspected bots. Based on the records of suspected bots, the records that possible represent connections with a controller are isolated. This is referred to as candidate controller conversations in the paper.These candidate controller conversations are further analyzed to identify suspected controllers of botnets. The analysis is based on calculating the following: the number of unique suspected bots, distance between model traffic and the remote server ports, heuristics that gives a score for candidates that are possible bot controllers. The suspected controllers are validated in three possible ways: correlation with other available data sources, coordination with a customer for validation and validation of domain names associated with services (Karasaridis, Rexroad, & Hoeflin, 2007).The botnets are classified based on their characteristics using a similarity function. An algorithm is proposed for the same. The authors report the discovery of a large number of botnet controllers on using the proposed system. A false positive of less than 2% is reported based on correlation of the detected controllers with other sources. Also the proposed algorithm is reported to successfully identify and malicious bots. The future work is identified as the need to expand the algorithm for other protocols and analysis of the evolution of botnets.References Akiyama, M. , Kawamoto, T. , Shimamura, M. , Yokoyama, T. , Kadobayashi Y. , & Yamaguchi, S. (2007). A proposal of metrics for botnet detection based on its cooperative behavior. Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Applications and the Internet Workshops. 82-85. Castle, I. , & Buckley, E. (2008). The automatic discovery, identification and measurement of botnets. Proceedings of Second International Conference on Emerging Security Information, Systems and Technologies. 127-132. Karasaridis, A. , Rexroad, B., & Hoeflin, D. (2007). Wide-scale botnet detection and characterization. Proceedings of the First Conference on First Workshop on Hot Topics in Understanding Botnets. 7-14. Mazzariello, C. (2008). IRC traffic analysis for botnet detection. Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Information Assurance and Security. 318-323. Paxton, N. , Ahn, G-J. , Chu, B. (2007). Towards practical framework for collecting and analyzing n etwork-centric attacks. Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Information Reuse and Integration. 73-78.

Analysis of Victorian business within the import and export industry

Analysis of Victorian business within the import and export industry Introduction The export and import industry encompasses a vast number of businesses, as well as export intermediaries who play a pivotal role in business operations. Every export and import company utilizes one or more export intermediaries in order to foster success in its operations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Victorian business within the import and export industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More International trade operations have played a very crucial role in the promotion of Victorian business the Foster Group. International marketing success has become interplay of the main business, export intermediaries, export management companies, as well as export trading companies, a style mainly for conducting business in Europe. Appropriate research methodologies are crucial in analyzing a Victorian business. Measures such as efficiency and effectiveness are considered vital in the international trad e operations, which can be promoted using effectively coordinated CRM and exporter-intermediary relationships, regardless of the scope of business operation (Jenster, et al., 2008). The discussion in this paper offers a detailed discussion on the analysis of Victorian business within the import and export industry; a case of foster group business. Complete analysis is facilitated by a discussion of research methodology used to collect information from the selected company. An introduction to the company products spearheads the material of the essay. A detailed discussion of export intermediaries and their role in international trade is ample to be presented in this paper. In addition, a discussion of the export intermediaries that the chosen company uses and their functions, as well as suggestions for the company to improve the efficiency of international trade operation will be presented. Research methodology A combination of quantitative and qualitative data collection strategy is employed in the study of the organization. A mail questionnaire is found appropriate for utilization, which is used to collect both primary and secondary data. The questionnaire constitutes of both open ended as well as close-ended questions in order to cater for quantitative as well as qualitative components. Sample unit of the study is the export and import department within the company, since it is considered to have the required detailed information concerning the type of international trade operations. The exercise has its target on the managers who operate in the international affairs department as well as company directors (Balabanis, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Company’s profile The Foster Group is a multinational company dealing with exportation of major beverages via export intermediaries. It was founded by William and Joseph Foster in Melbourne, New York in 1986 as a medium enterprise. The export intermediaries are highly valued in this company for their pivotal role in the international export and import operations. Among the most crucial company’s products are beer, wines, spirits, cider, as well as a vast number of non-alcoholic products. The main objective for the group is to maximize its profits by reaching a large number of customers. Moreover, the company is out to come up with the most effective brands and customer services. Furthermore, the company’s mission is to become the best company in the world in terms of exports production (Jenster, et al., 2008). On the other hand, the company is hierarchically managed by employees at distinct operational levels. CEO heads the company, while general managers and company directors oversee operations in different international firms. Middle-level employees are also found within the company to facilitate the implementation of trade strategies. The com pany values sustainability as a driver to a higher company value and its globalization. Leadership, as well as appropriate benchmarking strategies is considered as vital tool for the company’s success (Jenster, et al., 2008). Analysis of the type of organization based on its service offering The company handles a vast number of beverage products, and it would be categorized as a full service provider (FSP), in relation to exportation and importation. This is as a result of combining both transaction creation (TS) and physical fulfillment transactions (PF). The rationale of these products is the provision of physical fulfillment (PF) services to its clientele. The execution of physical fulfillment services is deemed crucial for the organization in terms of documentation of high order for export and import products. These documents include export fulfillment records, for instance, freight and insurance quotation, branding, packaging and product marking. All characteristics of t he transactions that take place are ideally documented. The warehousing details, as well as forward of freights via third parties involvements are also recorded for future references. According to Balabanis (2005), the transaction creation rationale concerning the company’s services entails researching on products and designs in the general market to ensure conformity with brand and product requirements. Training services to employees, country directors as well as other international dealers are also opportunities provided by the Victorian business.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Analysis of Victorian business within the import and export industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Key activities like conduction of international market research, advertising programs etc, are deemed crucial activities for international trading companies. In addition, marketing research is crucial in order for a company to widen the scope of the international operations. Balabanis declares that a company’s interior and peripheral contingencies, as well as the organizational type, determine the kind of service for an international organization. The physical market distance is considered part of the internal contingencies. Thus, the Victorian business is best suited for the provision of transaction creation services, for it has an office and a warehouse that is located in the local market. Moreover, the organization is international in providing services to a number of countries including New Zealand, Australia, USA, Pacific Island etc, thus found to comprise of international market mixes (Vasset, 2009). EIs and their role in international trade A variety of export category classifications is needed for the accomplishment of exportation and importation tasks. Export intermediary services have traditionally been classified as those that are offered to customers, as well as those offered to suppliers. M ost recently, a modern categorization is that of transaction creating export services as provided by the export intermediaries. Seeking information on market availability for the client company is among the key roles that are performed by the EIs for the Victorian business. The market research activities are a crucial part of the intermediaries, finding opportunities in the foreign market for their client. Other intermediaries are out to carry out export transactions on behalf of their customer, including price negotiations to ease the burden for their client. They are attributed to playing the greatest role in the international trade since their activities facilitate exchange of products and services between different suppliers and customers in different countries (Wyld, 2010). Suggestions for the company to improve the efficiency of international trade operation Important business and performance measures are deemed crucial for the enhancement of international trade. First, effici ency in customer handling and sustenance drives business to successful ends. Secondly, effectiveness in customer, stakeholder, as well export intermediary’s relationship is an important measure for consideration in business performance. The improvement in business efficiency should be the main aspiration by top management within a sound organization. Several factors are considered in the aspect of business operations efficiency, which include Customer Relationship Management, corporate governance, resource-based view and business sustainability in addition to corporate social responsibility (Dick and Merrett, 2007). Customers serve a key aspect in business success, regardless of what type it is. Therefore, the Foster Group needs to practice customer satisfaction via implementation of effective strategies to enhance its CRM.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Customers are well attracted by effective brands, excellent employer customer relationship, as well as provision of technologically advanced services as crucial tools for promoting CRM. Secondly, the management should ensure appropriate leadership within the organization, employee training programs, as well as job satisfaction to enhance performance and productivity in addition to business sustainability and value. The enhancement of appropriate CRM, excellent intermediary relationship, sustainability, as well as value ensures efficiency in corporate social responsibility as resource-based view within a business organization. Moreover, the company has opted to place minimum quantities of orders to its dealers wholesalers and retailers for an increment in logistics efficiency in the international scope (Dick and Merrett, 2007). Conclusion The export international trade becomes successful when there is a coordination of the export business, as well as the export intermediaries. Export intermediaries play an international role in business sustainability as well as promotion of export value. Efficiency measures are highly valued within the export and import business scope as well as performance in business operations. Research methodologies used to evaluate the Victorian business should provide the best response when utilized in testing research hypothesis. Collection of data in this case employs the utilization of a questionnaire to seek responses from the target audience. Two types of export business operations are in existence, transaction creation businesses, as well as physical fulfillment services. However, more research should be conducted to explain the models that are appropriate for EIS to use in effecting their services to the export Victorian business. References Balabanis, G., 2005. Determinants of export intermediaries: service mix configurations. International Marketing Review, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 436-455. Dick, H. and Merrett, D., 2007. The interna tionalization strategies of small-country firms: The Australian experience of globalization. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Jenster, P. et al. 2008. The business of wine: a global perspective. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press DK. Vasset, A., 2009. National Packaging Covenant. Web. Available from:Â  https://www.packagingcovenant.org.au/documents/File/A._Clouet__AustraliaPty_Ltd_AP_09_12.pdf . Wyld, D., 2010. Top Ten Management on International Trade: An Overview of The World’s International Trade Operation That Underpins Globalization. Web. Web.

Chalchiuhtlicue - Aztec Goddess of Rivers and Oceans

Chalchiuhtlicue - Aztec Goddess of Rivers and Oceans Chalchiuhtlicue (Chal-CHEE-ooh-tlee-quay), whose name means She of the Jade Skirt, was the Aztec goddess of water as it collects on the earth, such as rivers and oceans, and so was considered by the Aztecs the patroness of navigation. She was one of the most important deities, as protector of childbirth and newborns. Chalchiuhtlicue was linked to the rain god Tlaloc, in some sources as his wife and feminine counterpart. In others, she is Tlalocs sister and some scholars suggest she was Tlaloc himself in a separate guise. She was also associated with the Tlaloques, Tlalocs brothers or perhaps their children. In some sources, she is described as the wife of the Aztec god of fire god Huehueteotl-Xiuhtecuhtli. She is also associated with different mountains in different Aztec communities. All rivers come from the mountains in the Aztec universe, and the mountains are like jars (ollas) filled with water, that spring from the womb of the mountain and wash down to water and protect the people. A Watery Rule According to the Spanish conquistador and priest Fray Diego Duran, Chalchiuhtlicue was universally revered by the Aztecs. She governed the waters of the oceans, springs, and lakes, and as such she appeared in both positive and negative guises. She was seen as a positive source who brought full irrigation canals for growing maize  when she was associated with the corn goddess Xilonen. When displeased, she brought empty canals and drought and was paired with the dangerous snake goddess Chicomecoatl. She was also known for creating whirlpools and big storms making water navigation tricky. She was also the goddess who ruled over and destroyed the previous world, known in the Aztec mythology as the Fourth Sun, the Mexica version of the Deluge Myth. The Aztec universe was based on the Legend of the Five Suns, which said that before the current world (the Fifth Sun), the various gods and goddesses made four attempts to create versions of the world and then destroyed them in order. The fourth sun (called Nahui Atl Tonatiuh or 4 Water) was ruled by Chalchiutlicue as a world of water, where fish species were marvelous and abundant. After 676 years, Chalchiutlicue destroyed the world in a cataclysmic flood, transforming all the humans into fish. Chalchiuhtlicues Festivals As the partner of Tlaloc, Chalchiuhtlicue pertained to the Aztec group of gods supervising water and fertility. To these deities was dedicated a series of ceremonies called Atlcahualo, which lasted the entire month of February. During these ceremonies, the Aztecs performed many rituals, usually on the mountain tops, where they sacrificed children. For the Aztec religion, the tears of children were considered good omens for abundant rain. The festival month of February dedicated to Chalchiuhtlicue was the sixth month of the Aztec year called Etzalcualiztli. It took place during the rainy season when the fields were beginning to ripen. The festival was conducted in and around the lagoons, with some objects ritually deposited within the lagoons. The festival involved fasting, feasting, and auto-sacrifice on the part of the priests, and the human sacrifice of war captives, women, and children some of which were dressed in the costume of Chalchiuhtlicue and Tlaloc. Offerings included maize, the blood of quail birds and resins made of copal and latex. Children were also sacrificed to Chalchiuhtlicue at the height of the dry season just before the rains were due; during the festivals dedicated to Chalchiuhtlicue and Tlaloc, a young boy would be sacrificed to Tlaloc on a mountaintop outside of Tenochtitlan, and a young girl would be drowned in Lake Texcoco at Pantitlan, where whirlpools were known to occur. Chalchiuhtlicues Images The goddess Chalchiuhtlicue is often illustrated in the pre-Columbian and colonial period books called codices as wearing a blue-green skirt, as her name illustrates, from which flows a long and abundant stream of water. Sometimes new-born children are portrayed floating in this water flow. She has black lines on her face and usually wears a jade nose-plug. In Aztec sculpture and portraits, her statues and images are often carved out of jade or other green stones. She is occasionally shown wearing Tlalocs mask. The allied Nahuatl word chalchihuitl means drop of water and sometimes refers to jade. The word is also used in connection with Tlalocs goggles, which may themselves be a symbol of water. In the Codex Borgia, Chalchiuhtlicue is wearing a serpent headdress and dress ornaments with the same markings as Tlaloc, and her half-moon nose ornament is the serpent itself, marked with stripes and dots. Sources Edited and updated by K. Kris Hirst. Almere Read K, and Gonzalez JJ. 2000. Mesoamerican Mythology: A Guide ot the Gods, Heroes, Rituals, and Beliefs of Mexico and Central America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archaeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Brundage BC. 1983. The Fifth Sun: Aztec Gods, Aztec Worlds. Austin: University of Texas Press.Carlson JB. 2015. The Maya Deluge Myth and Dresden Codex Page 74. In: Dowd AS, and Milbrath S, editors. Cosmology, Calendars, and Horizon-Based Astronomy in Ancient Mesoamerica. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. p 197-226.Garza Gà ³mez I. 2009. De Calchiuhtlicue, Diosa de rà ­os, lagunas y manantiales. El Tlacuache: Patrimonio de Morelos 2009:1-4.Heyden D. 1983. Water symbols and eye rings in the Mexican codices. Indiana 8:41-56.Leon-Portilla M, and Davis JE. 1963. Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Taube K. 1993. Aztec and Maya Myths. Fourth Edition. Universi ty of Texas Press, Austin, Texa.s Van Tuerenhout DR. 2005. The Aztecs. New Perspectives, ABC-CLIO Inc. Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO and Oxford, England.

Analyse how effective a change of ownership has been for your chosen Assignment

Analyse how effective a change of ownership has been for your chosen businesses performance - Assignment Example Adidas Company markets the application of constant and updated technological innovation and excellence in generating a powerful competitive advantage. The highest level of orientation of technological development has created the expected value to customers as they provide high performance and quality shoes for the specific needs of the customers. This translates to a competitive advantage in the marketing of its products (Hussey, 2000). Adidas has also another advantage in the market of effective promotional methods for its products by associating them with popular celebrities and sports idols. This marketing strategy has generated a steady source of sales and income for the company. Therefore, the purchase of recognizable brand products safeguards their quality and this creates some extra motivation for their purchase. The company has also sponsored many events as part of its promotional strategy. This step gives the company a good brand recognition and reputation in the world. This is evident in the soccer industry as Adidas has a strong market share. The diversity and variety of products offered on the web such as shirts, bags, shorts, and shoes enables the customers to have a range of products to choose and buy. The firm has good brand recognition and reputation and has attained its stronghold in the soccer industry. This is evident from a stable distribution channel that is well monitored as it has various stores worldwide. Thus, it enables the customers to access their products easily and in good time after ordering. To crown it all, the company has a strong management team which helps to keep it on the right track (Gilgeous.1997). However, Adidas has various disadvantages in the market. The company is one step behind Nike and faces much competition from the Nike products. This is evident in the high quantity and quality of merchandise and products that